Mahino ʻa e Fatongia Mahuʻinga ʻo e Tuʻunga Lelei ʻo e Mama ʻi he Fakalakalaka ʻo e ʻAkau

ʻOku mahulu hake ʻa e mama ʻi ha maʻuʻanga ivi pe ki he ʻakau. Ko ha fakaʻilonga ʻatakai faingataʻa mo kehekehe ia ʻoku ne puleʻi ʻa e meimei tuʻunga kotoa pe ʻo e moʻui ʻa ha fuʻu ʻakau, mei he tupu hake ʻa e tengaʻi ʻakau ki he matala mo e fua. Neongo ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻa e lahi ʻo e mama—hono malohi pe photon flux density (PFD)—ki hono fakaʻuli ʻo e photosynthesis, ʻoku mahuʻinga tatau pe ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e mama—ʻa hono faʻunga spectral pe wavelength—ko ha regulator ʻo e tupu mo e fakalakalaka ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau. Kuo fakatupulaki ʻe he ʻakau ha ngaahi founga photoreceptor fakaʻofoʻofa ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakaʻata kinautolu ke nau ongoʻi ʻa e fanga kiʻi liliu iiki ʻi he ʻatakai ʻo e mama, kau ai hono lanu, feituʻu mo e loloa. ʻOku ngaue ʻa e photoreceptors ko ʻeni, hange ko e phytochromes (ongoʻingofua ʻa e maama kulokula mo e kulokula mamaʻo), cryptochromes (ongoʻingofua ʻa e maama lanu pulu mo e UV-A), mo e phototropins (ongoʻingofua ʻa e maama lanu puluu). ʻI he taimi ʻoku nau maʻu ai ʻa e maama ʻo ha wavelength pau, ʻoku nau fakatupu ha ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻe lava ke ne liliu ʻa e fakahaaʻi ʻo e gene, tuʻunga ʻo e hormone, pea ko hono aofangatuku, ko e morphology mo e physiology ʻo e fuʻu ʻakau. ʻOku fakapapauʻi ʻe he founga ko ʻeni, ʻoku ʻiloa ko e photomorphogenesis, ʻe lava ke liliu ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau ki hono ʻatakai, optimizing hono faʻunga ke maʻu ʻa e mama, feʻauʻauhi mo e kaungaʻapi, pea taimi totonu ʻa e siakale ʻo e fakafanau. Ko e tuʻunga ʻo e laʻaa ʻoku aʻu ki he fukahi mamani ko ha konga lahi, ʻoku meimei vahevahe ki he ultraviolet radiation (UV, <400 nm), maama ʻoku ʻasi mai pe photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm), mo e infrared radiation (>700 nm). Neongo ia, ʻoku ʻikai ngata pe ʻi he tali ʻa e ʻakau ki he tuʻunga kakato ka ki he ngaahi meʻa pau ʻi loto. ʻE vakaiʻi ʻe he fakahinohino ko ʻeni ʻa e ngaahi ola loloto mo pau ʻo e ngaahi maama monochromatic mahuʻinga ʻe nima—lanu kulokula, pulu, lanu mata, engeenga, mo e UV—ʻi he tupu ʻa e ʻakau, ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi taʻu lahi ʻo e fakatotolo ki he photobiological.

ʻOku takiekina fefe ʻe he maama kulokula (600-700 nm) ʻa e tupu mo e fakalakalaka ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau?

Ko e maama kulokula, ʻa ia ʻoku ne maʻu ʻa e 600-700 nm ʻo e spectrum, ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi wavelength lelei taha ki he photosynthesis pea ko ha tefitoʻi fakaʻuli ia ʻo e ngaahi tali photomorphogenic. ʻOku ʻiloʻi ia ʻe he phytochromes, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi ai ʻi ha fotunga ʻe ua: Pr (kulokula ʻoku maʻu) mo e Pfr (mamaʻo-kulokula ʻoku maʻu). ʻOku lau ʻa e foomu Pfr ko e tuʻunga biologically longomoʻui. ʻOku loloto mo kehekehe ʻa e ngaahi ola ʻo e maama kulokula ʻi he morphology ʻo e ʻakau. ʻOku ne taʻofi ʻa e elongation ʻo e internode, ʻo iku ki ha fuʻu ʻakau maʻamaʻa ange. ʻOku ne poupouʻi ʻa e vaʻa mo e tillering, ʻo fakalahi ai ʻa e fotunga ʻo e fuʻu ʻakau. ʻI he tuʻunga ʻo e fakalakalaka, ʻe lava ke fakatoloi ʻe he maama kulokula ʻa e differentiation ʻo e matalaʻiʻakau ʻi he ngaahi faʻahinga ʻe niʻihi. ʻOku ne fakahoko foki ha fatongia mahuʻinga ʻi hono fakalahi ʻo e ngaahi pigments mahuʻinga, kau ai ʻa e anthocyanins, chlorophylls, mo e carotenoids, ʻa ia ʻoku mahuʻinga ki hono maʻu ʻo e mama mo e photoprotection. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe lava ke fakatupu ʻe he maama kulokula ʻa e phototropism lelei ʻi he ngaahi aka ʻo e Arabidopsis, ʻo tataki kinautolu ke mamaʻo mei he funga kelekele. Makehe mei he morphology, ʻoku ʻi ai ha ola lelei ʻo e maama kulokula ʻi he malava ʻe ha fuʻu ʻakau ke matuʻuaki fakatouʻosi ʻa e biotic (e.g., pathogens) mo e abiotic (e.g., laʻalaʻaa, momoko), ʻoku faʻa takiekina ʻa e faʻu ʻo e ngaahi meʻa maluʻi mo e ngaahi hormones fekauʻaki mo e loto mafasia. Neongo ia, ʻoku ʻikai tuʻu maʻu ʻa e tali ʻa e maama kulokula; ʻoku potupotutatau ia ʻe hono hoa, ʻa e maama kulokula mamaʻo.

Ko e ha ʻa e fatongia ʻo e maama kulokula mamaʻo (700-800 nm) mo e ratio R/FR?

ʻOku siʻisiʻi ʻa e tokoni ʻa e maama kulokula mamaʻo ki he photosynthesis fakahangatonu, ka ʻoku ne fakahoko ha fatongia mahuʻinga ʻi hono fakafepakiʻi ʻa e ngaahi nunuʻa ʻo e maama kulokula ʻo fakafou ʻi he polokalama phytochrome. Ko e fika ʻo e maama kulokula ki he kulokula mamaʻo (R/FR) ko ha fakaʻilonga mahuʻinga ia ki he ʻatakai ki he ʻakau, tautautefito ki hono ʻiloʻi ʻo e malumalu mei he ʻakau kaungaʻapi. ʻI he laʻaa kakato, ʻoku maʻolunga ʻa e ratio ʻo e R/FR. ʻI he taimi ʻoku fakamalumalu ai ha fuʻu ʻakau ʻe ha lauʻiʻakau kehe, ʻa ia ʻoku nau maʻu ʻa e maama kulokula ki he photosynthesis ka ʻoku ne ʻave ʻa e maama kulokula mamaʻo, ʻoku holo ʻa e ratio ʻo e R/FR. ʻOku fakatupu ʻe he "shade avoidance syndrome" ko ʻeni ha ngaahi tali. ʻE lava ke fakaiku ʻa e ratio maʻulalo ʻo e R/FR ki ha holoki ʻo e ivi photosynthetic, ʻo hange ko ia ʻoku ha ʻi he kofuua. ʻOku faʻa iku ia ki he fakautuutu ʻo e elongation ʻo e vaʻa, ʻi he feinga ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau ke tupu ʻo maʻolunga ange ʻi he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku nau feʻauʻauhi, fakataha mo e ngaahi liliu ʻi he morphology ʻo e lauʻiʻakau. Kuo fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fakatotolo ʻe lava ke fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e anthocyanin, carotenoid, mo e chlorophyll ʻi he ʻakau ʻe niʻihi lolotonga hono fakalahi ʻo e mamafa foʻou, mamafa momoa, loloa ʻo e vaʻa, mo e feituʻu ʻo e lauʻiʻakau. ʻE lava ke tupu ʻa e tupulaki ko ʻeni mei he FR fakalahi mei he lahi ange ʻa e maama ʻi he lauʻiʻakau lalahi he taimi ni. ʻE lava ke lahi mo matolu ange ʻa e ngaahi fuʻu ʻakau ʻoku tupu ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga maʻulalo ʻo e R/FR, mo e biomass lahi ange mo e liliu ʻo e momoko ʻi hono fakafehoanaki ki he ngaahi fuʻu ʻakau ʻoku tupu ʻi he malumalu ʻo e R/FR maʻolunga. ʻE lava foki ʻe he ratio ʻo e R/FR ʻo liliu ʻa e katakiʻi ʻo e masima ʻo ha fuʻu ʻakau, ʻo fakahaaʻi ai ʻa e ivi takiekina lahi ʻo e palanisi spectral ko ʻeni ʻi he moʻui lelei mo e tuʻunga taʻeueʻia fakalukufua ʻo e ʻakau. Ko e fengaueʻaki ʻa e maama kulokula mo e kulokula mamaʻo ko ha sipinga angamaheni ia ʻo e founga ʻoku puleʻi ai ʻe he tuʻunga lelei ʻo e mama, kae ʻikai ko e lahi pe, ʻa e fotunga mo e ngaue ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau.

Ko e ha ʻoku mahuʻinga ai ʻa e maama lanu puluu (400-500 nm) ki he tupu lelei ʻa e ʻakau?

ʻOku mahuʻinga ʻaupito ʻa e maama lanu puluu ki he fakalakalaka angamaheni ʻo e ʻakau pea ʻoku fakatokangaʻi ia ʻe he photoreceptors pau kau ai ʻa e cryptochromes mo e phototropins. ʻOku kehe ʻa hono ngaahi ola mei he maama kulokula. Ko hono fakalukufua, ko hono fakalahi ʻo e konga siʻi ʻo e maama lanu puluu ʻi he tuʻunga fakalukufua ʻoku maʻu ai ha fuʻu ʻakau nounou ange mo siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e loloa ʻo e internode, ngaahi feituʻu siʻisiʻi ange ʻo e lauʻiʻakau, pea mo ha vave ʻo e tupu maʻulalo ange ʻi hono fakafehoanaki ki he ʻakau ʻoku tupu ʻi he maama kulokula pe. ʻOku ne toe takiekina foki ʻa e metabolic ratios, ʻo faʻa fakalahi ʻa e nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratio. ʻI ha tuʻunga mahuʻinga ʻo e physiological, ʻoku fie maʻu ʻa e maama lanu puluu ki he synthesis totonu ʻo e chlorophyll mo e faʻu ʻo e chloroplasts moʻui lelei. Ko e chloroplasts ʻoku faʻu ʻi he maama lanu puluu ʻoku maʻolunga ange ʻa e chlorophyll a/b mo e tuʻunga maʻulalo ange ʻo e carotenoid. ʻOku fakatataaʻi ʻa e fatongia mahuʻinga ʻo e maama lanu puluu ʻi heʻene fengaueʻaki mo e photosynthesis. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe holo mamalie ʻa e vave ʻo e photosynthetic ʻo e ngaahi selo ʻo e limu ʻoku tupu ʻi he maama kulokula hokohoko. Neongo ia, ʻoku vave ʻa e fakaakeake ʻa e vave ko ʻeni ʻi he taimi ʻoku hiki ai ki he maama lanu pulu pe ʻi he taimi ʻoku tanaki atu ai ha maama lanu pulu ki he puipuituʻa kulokula. Ko e meʻa tatau pe, ʻi he taimi ʻoku feʻaveʻaki ai ʻa e ngaahi selo ʻo e tapaka fakapoʻuli ki he maama lanu pulu hokohoko, ʻoku tupulaki lahi ʻa e lahi mo e ʻekitiviti ʻo e Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), ʻa e tefitoʻi enzyme ʻo e photosynthesis, ʻo iku ki ha tupulaki vave ʻi he mamafa momoa ʻo e ngaahi toʻotoʻo. ʻI he maama kulokula hokohoko atu, ʻoku tuai ʻaupito ʻa e tupulaki ko ʻeni. ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fakatotolo ko ʻeni ʻoku ʻikai feʻunga ʻa e maama kulokula ʻataʻata pe ki he photosynthesis mo e tupulaki. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe lava ke fakakakato ʻe he uite ʻa ʻene siakale ʻo e moʻui ʻi ha maʻuʻanga LED lanu kulokula pe ʻe taha, ka ke maʻu ha ngaahi ʻakau maʻolunga mo ola lelei mo ha ngaahi tengaʻi ʻakau lahi, kuo pau ke tanaki atu ha maama lanu pulu feʻunga. ʻOku fakahaaʻi maʻu pe ʻe he ngaahi fakatotolo ʻi he letisi, spinach, mo e radisi ʻoku maʻolunga ange ʻa e fua ʻi hono fakatahaʻi ʻo e maama kulokula mo e lanu pulu ʻi he maama kulokula ʻataʻata pe pea ʻoku tatau ia mo ia ʻoku maʻu ʻi he maama hinehina mokomoko. Neongo ia, ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻa e potupotutatau; ʻE lava ke taʻofi ʻe he fuʻu maama lanu pulu ʻa e tupu, ʻo iku ki he fuʻu ʻakau ʻoku fuʻu siʻisiʻi mo siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e ʻelia ʻo e lauʻiʻakau mo e mamafa momoa fakakatoa. ʻOku fakahaaʻi foki ʻe he ʻakau ʻa e ngaahi faikehekehe lahi ʻi he faʻahinga ʻoku nau fie maʻu ʻa e maama lanu puluu.

Ko e ha ʻa e ngaahi nunuʻa faingataʻa mo fepakipaki ʻo e maama lanu mata (500-600 nm)?

Ko e fatongia ʻo e maama lanu mata ʻi he fakalakalaka ʻo e ʻakau kuo hoko ia ko ha kaveinga ʻo e tipeiti mo e fakatotolo lahi, ʻo maʻu ai ha ngaahi ola ʻoku fepakipaki he taimi ʻe niʻihi. ʻOku hoko ʻa e faingataʻa ko ʻeni koeʻuhi he ʻe lava ke kehekehe ʻa e fakaʻuhinga ʻo e "maama lanu mata", ʻo faʻa kau ai ʻa e wavelength mei he 500 ki he 600 nm, ʻa ia ʻoku kau ai ha konga ʻo e spectrum engeenga. ʻI ha ngaahi taʻu lahi, naʻe pehe ʻoku ʻikai ola lelei ʻa e maama lanu mata, he ʻoku lahi ange ʻene ʻata ʻi he maama kulokula pe lanu pulu pea ʻoku siʻisiʻi ange hono maʻu ʻe he chlorophyll. Neongo ia, kuo fakahaaʻi ʻe he fakatotolo ʻi he taʻu ʻe nimangofulu kuohili ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi ola mahuʻinga mo makehe ʻo e maama lanu mata, ʻoku faʻa fakafepakiʻi pe liliu ʻa e ngaahi tali ʻoku fakatupu ʻe he maama kulokula mo e lanu puluu. Kuo maʻu ʻe he ngaahi fakatotolo ʻe niʻihi ʻa e ngaahi nunuʻa ʻo e inhibitory. Hange ko ʻeni, ko e mamafa momoa ʻo e temata naʻe tupu ʻi he maama hinehina (ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e lanu kulokula, pulu mo e lanu mata) naʻe maʻulalo ange ia ʻi he tengaʻi ʻakau naʻe tupu ʻi he maama kulokula mo lanu pulu pe. Naʻe fokotuʻu mai ʻe he ʻanalaiso ʻo e spectral ʻi he anga fakafonua ʻo e kakano ko e maama lanu mata mo e tumutumu ʻo e 550 nm ʻe lava ke hoko ia ko e maama fakatuʻutamaki taha ki he tupulaki. ʻI he marigolds, naʻe hanga ʻe hono toʻo ʻo e maama lanu mata mei he spectrum ʻo fakaleleiʻi ʻa e matalaʻiʻakau, lolotonga ia ʻoku fakalahi atu ki ai ʻa e matalaʻiʻakau ʻi he ngaahi faʻahinga kehe hange ko e Dianthus mo e lettuce. ʻOku faʻa ʻasi nounou ange ʻa e ʻakau ʻoku tupu ʻi he maama kakato mo e maama lanumata pea siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e mamafa foʻou mo momoa. Neongo ia, ʻoku lipooti ʻe he ngaahi fakatotolo kehe ʻa e ngaahi ola ʻo e tupulaki. Naʻe ʻilo ʻe Kim et Al. ko e taimi naʻe tanaki atu ai ʻa e maama lanu mata ki ha puipuituʻa LED lanu kulokula lanu pulu, naʻe taʻofi ʻa e tupu ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau kapau naʻe laka hake ʻa e maama lanumata ʻi he 50%, ka naʻe toe lelei ange ʻi he taimi naʻe siʻi hifo ai ʻa e maama lanumata ʻi he 24%. Naʻa nau fakatokangaʻi ʻa e fakautuutu ʻo e mamafa momoa ʻo e letisi ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he tanaki atu ʻa e maama lanu mata. ʻIkai ngata ai, ʻe lava ke fakavaveʻi ʻe he pulses nounou ʻo e maama lanu mata siʻisiʻi ʻa e elongation ʻo e tefito ʻi he tengaʻi ʻakau fakapoʻuli, pea naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe hono faitoʻo ʻo e Arabidopsis ʻaki ha kiʻi maama lanu mata nounou mei ha maʻuʻanga LED ke ne liliu ʻa e fakahaaʻi ʻo e keni plastid mo fakalahi ʻa e vave ʻo e tupu ʻa e tefito. ʻOku fokotuʻu mai ʻe ha toe vakaiʻi fakaʻauliliki ʻo e photobiology ʻo e ʻakau ʻoku maʻu ʻe he ʻakau ha founga ʻilo ʻo e maama lanu mata ʻoku ngaue fakataha mo e sensor kulokula mo lanu pulu ke puleʻi lelei ʻa e tupu mo e fakalakalaka, ʻo takiekina ʻa e meʻa kotoa pe mei he fakaava ʻo e stomatal ki he fakahaaʻi ʻo e gene chloroplast. ʻOku ngalingali ʻoku tupu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa naʻe maʻu mei he ngaahi faikehekehe ʻi he wavelength pau ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi, ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama lanumata ʻi hono fakafehoanaki ki he ngaahi lanu kehe, pea mo e faʻahinga ʻo e ʻakau ʻoku fakatotoloʻi.

ʻOku uesia fefe ʻe he maama engeenga (580-600 nm) mo e UV radiation ʻa e ʻakau?

ʻI hono fakafehoanaki ki he maama kulokula mo e lanu puluu, ʻoku siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e ako ki he ngaahi nunuʻa ʻo e maama engeenga (fakafuofua ki he 580-600 nm), ka ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe he fakatotolo lolotonga ʻoku ʻi ai hono fatongia ʻo e inhibitory. Kuo fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fakatotolo ʻoku fakatotoloʻi ʻa e ngaahi nunuʻa ʻo e ngaahi haʻi kehekehe ʻi he letisi ʻoku taʻofi ʻe he maama engeenga ʻa e tupu. Ko e faikehekehe ʻi he tupu ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau ʻoku fakatokangaʻi ʻi he malumalu ʻo e ngaahi maama sodium maʻolunga mo e maama ukamea halide ʻoku fakatefito ia ʻi he konga ʻo e maama engeenga, ʻa ia ko e maama engeenga ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ne taʻofi ia. ʻIkai ngata ai, naʻe fakahaaʻi ʻe he fakatotolo ki he kiukamipaa ko e maama engeenga (mo e tumutumu ʻi he 595 nm) naʻa ne taʻofi malohi ange ʻa e tupu ʻi he maama lanumata (tumutumu ʻi he 520 nm). Ko e siʻisiʻi ʻo e ngaahi tohi ʻi he maama engeenga ʻoku makatuʻunga ia ʻi he foʻi moʻoni ko ia ʻoku fakakalasi ʻe he kau fakatotolo ʻe niʻihi ʻa e 500-600 nm ko e "maama lanu mata," ʻo fakapuliki ai ʻa e ngaahi nunuʻa pau ʻo e konga engeenga ʻo e spectrum.

ʻOku malohi mo kehekehe ʻa e ngaahi ola ʻo e ultraviolet (UV), tautautefito ki he UV-B (280-320 nm). ʻI hono fakalukufua, ʻoku hoko ʻa e UV-B ko ha meʻa ʻoku ne fakatupu ʻa e loto mafasia. Te ne lava ʻo fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e ʻelia ʻo e lauʻiʻakau, taʻofi ʻa e hypocotyl (tefito) elongation, pea fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e photosynthesis mo e fua fakalukufua, ʻo ʻai ʻa e ʻakau ke tuʻu laveangofua ange ki he ʻohofi ʻo e pathogens. Neongo ia, ʻoku toe fakaʻaongaʻi foki ʻe he ʻakau ʻa e UV-B ko ha fakaʻilonga ʻo e ʻatakai ke fakatupu ha ngaahi tali maluʻi. ʻOku fakaʻaiʻai lelei ʻe he UV-B ʻa e synthesis ʻo e flavonoids mo e anthocyanins, ʻa ia ʻoku hoko ko ha sunscreens, maluʻi ʻa e ngaahi tisu loloto ange ʻo e ʻakau mei he maumau. ʻE lava foki ke ne poupouʻi ʻa e ngaahi founga maluʻi fakalukufua. Neongo te ne lava ʻo fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻaonga hange ko e ascorbic acid (vitamin C) mo e β-carotene ʻi he ngaahi meʻa ʻe niʻihi, ʻoku ne fakaʻaiʻai lelei ʻa e faʻu ʻo e anthocyanin. ʻOku faʻa iku ʻa e ngaahi ola morphological ʻo e UV-B ki ha fuʻu ʻakau dwarf phenotype mo e lauʻiʻakau siʻisiʻi, matolu, petioles fakanounou, mo e lahi ange ʻa e vaʻa axillary. Ko e ratio ʻo e UV-B ki he photosynthetically active radiation (UV-B/PAR) ko ha determinant mahuʻinga ia ʻo e tali ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau. ʻOku takiekina fakataha ʻe he UV-B mo e PAR ʻa e ngaahi ʻulungaanga hange ko e morphology mo e lolo ʻo e mint, ʻo fakamamafaʻi ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo hono ako ʻo e ngaahi nunuʻa ko ʻeni ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga moʻoni ʻo e mama. ʻOku mahuʻinga ke fakatokangaʻi ko e lahi ʻo e ngaahi fakatotolo ʻi he fale fakatotolo fakakemi ʻo e ngaahi ola ʻo e UV-B ʻoku nau fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e tuʻunga maʻolunga ange ʻo e UV-B mo e puipuituʻa maʻulalo ange ʻi natula, ʻo faingataʻa ai ke extrapolate fakahangatonu ʻenau ngaahi maʻu ki he ngaahi tuʻunga ʻo e malaʻe. ʻOku faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he ngaahi ako ʻi he malaʻe ʻa e ngaahi founga ʻoku lahi ange, hange ko e fakalahi pe sivi ʻo e UV-B ke mahino ʻa hono ola moʻoni ʻi he mamani.

Ngaahi Fehuʻi ʻOku Faʻa ʻEke Fekauʻaki mo e Maama Monochromatic mo e Tupu ʻa e ʻAkau

ʻE lava nai ke tupu ʻa e ʻakau ʻi he maama kulokula mo lanu pulu pe?

ʻIo, ʻoku lava ke fakakakato ʻe he ʻakau lahi ʻa e siakale kotoa ʻo ʻenau moʻui ʻi he maama kulokula mo lanu pulu pe, he ko e ongo wavelength lelei taha ʻeni ʻi he photosynthetically. Neongo ia, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe he fakatotolo ko hono tanaki atu ha kiʻi maama lanu mata siʻisiʻi (siʻi hifo ʻi he 24%) ʻe lava ke ne fakaleleiʻi ʻa e tupu mo e biomass ʻi he ngaahi faʻahinga ʻe niʻihi, mahalo ʻaki hono fakaʻata ʻa e mama ke hu loloto ange ki he ʻakau pea ʻaki hono fakatupu ʻa e ngaahi tali photomorphogenic ʻoku ʻikai fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he maama kulokula pe lanu pulu pe.

Ko e ha ʻa e shade avoidance syndrome ʻi he ʻakau?

Ko e fakaʻehiʻehi mei he malumalu ko ha seti ia ʻo e ngaahi tali ʻoku kamata ʻi he taimi ʻoku fakatokangaʻi ai ʻe ha fuʻu ʻakau ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama kulokula ki he kulokula mamaʻo (R/FR), ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakahaaʻi ʻa e ʻi ai ʻa e ʻakau kaungaʻapi. ʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻeni ʻe he fuʻu ʻakau ko ha fakamanamana ʻo e fakamalumalu pea ʻoku ne tali ʻaki hono fakaloloa hono ngaahi vaʻa mo e petioles ke tupu ʻo maʻolunga ange ʻi he ngaahi feʻauʻauhi, fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e ngaahi vaʻa, pea taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻoku fakavaveʻi ai ʻa e matalaʻiʻakau. Neongo ʻoku ʻaonga ʻeni ʻi he vao, ka ʻe lava ke ʻikai fie maʻu ʻeni ʻi he ngoue ʻoku puleʻi, ʻo iku ki he ʻakau vaʻe mo vaivai.

ʻOku ʻaonga pe fakatuʻutamaki ʻa e maama UV ki he ʻakau?

ʻOku ʻi ai ha fatongia ʻe ua ʻo e maama UV, tautautefito ki he UV-B. ʻI he malohi maʻolunga, ʻoku fakatuʻutamaki, fakatupu maumau ʻa e DNA, fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e photosynthesis, pea taʻofi ʻa e tupulaki. Neongo ia, ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga maʻulalo ange ʻoku fekauʻaki mo e ʻekolosia, ʻoku hoko ia ko ha fakaʻilonga mahuʻinga ʻo e ʻatakai. ʻOku ne fakaʻaiʻai ʻa e faʻu ʻo e ngaahi meʻa maluʻi hange ko e flavonoids mo e anthocyanins, ʻa ia te ne lava ʻo fakaleleiʻi ʻa e lanu ʻo e ʻakau, fakalahi ʻa e loto mafasia, pea aʻu ʻo fakaleleiʻi ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e meʻakai ʻo e ngaahi ngoue ʻe niʻihi ʻaki hono fakalahi ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e antioxidant.