Te Mārama ki te Tūranga Nui o te Kounga Mārama i roto i te Whanaketanga Tipu

He nui ake te mārama i te pūtake pūngao noa iho mō ngā tipu. He tohu taiao matatini, ātaahua hoki e whakahaere ana i ngā wāhanga katoa o te oranga o te tipu, mai i te kākano ki te puawai me te hua. Ahakoa he tino nui te nui o te mārama—tōna kaha, tōna kiato rerenga whakaahua rānei (PFD)—mō te taraiwa i te whakaahuatanga, he rite tonu te hira o te mārama—tōna hanganga tūāwhiorangi, roangaru rānei—hei kaiwhakahaere i te tipu me te whanaketanga o te tipu. Kua whakawhanakehia e ngā tipu ngā pūnaha whakaahua mātauranga e āhei ai rātou ki te rongo i ngā huringa māheahea i roto i te taiao mārama, tae atu ki tōna tae, ahunga, me te roanga. Ko ēnei photoreceptors, pēnei i ngā phytochromes (tairongo ki te rama whero me te whero tawhiti), ngā cryptochromes (tairongo ki te kikorangi me te UV-A), me ngā phototropins (tairongo ki te rama kikorangi), ka mahi hei whakakā rāpoi ngota. Ina ngongo rātou i te mārama o tētahi roangaru motuhake, ka whakaoho rātou i tētahi hūkere tohu ka taea te whakarerekē i te kīanga ira, ngā taumata taiaki, me te mutunga, te wetewete me te āhua o te tipu. Mā tēnei tukanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te photomorphogenesis, e whakarite ka taea e te tipu te urutau ki ōna taiao, te arotau i tōna hanganga mō te hopu mārama, te whakataetae ki ngā hoa noho tata, me te whakarite tika i tōna huringa whakaputa. Ko te tūāwhiorangi kōmaru e tae ana ki te mata o te Ao he tāhei whānui, kua wehea ki te hihi ultraviolet (UV, <400 nm), te mārama ari, te hihi hohe whakaahua rānei (PAR, 400-700 nm), me te hihi pōkākā (>700 nm). Heoi anō, ehara i te mea ko ngā tipu e urupare ana ki te tūāwhiorangi katoa anake, engari ki ngā wae tauwhāiti hoki i roto. Ka tūhura tēnei kaiārahi i ngā pānga hōhonu, i te nuinga o te wā o ngā tāhei rama monochromatic matua e rima—whero, kikorangi, kākāriki, kōwhai, me te UV—i runga i te tipu tipu, e tātuhi ana i ngā tekau tau o te rangahau whakaahua.

He pēhea te whakaawe a te rama whero (600-700 nm) i te tipu me te whanaketanga o te tipu?

Ko te rama whero, e noho ana i te awhe 600-700 nm o te tūāwhiorangi, ko tētahi o ngā roangaru tino kaha mō te whakaahua me te atekōkiri matua o ngā urupare whakaahua. E kitea nuitia ana e ngā phytochromes, e tīari ana i roto i ngā puka whakawhitiwhiti e rua: Pr (whero-ngongo) me Pfr (whero-tawhiti). Ko te puka Pfr e whakaarotia ana ko te āhua hohe koiora. He hōhonu, he rerekē hoki ngā pānga o te rama whero ki te wetewete tipu. I te nuinga o te wā ka tautāwhi i te whakaroanga o te internode, e ahu ana ki ngā tipu kiato ake. Ka whakatairanga i te peka me te tillering lateral, e whakanui ana i te āhua ngahere o te tipu. E ai ki te whanaketanga, ka taea e te rama whero te whakaroa i te rerekētanga putiputi i ētahi momo. He mahi nui hoki ki te whakanui ake i te whakamōhiotanga o ngā pigment matua, tae atu ki ngā anthocyanins, chlorophylls, me ngā carotenoids, e tino hiahiatia ana mō te hopu mārama me te parenga whakaahua. Hei tauira, ka taea e te rama whero te whakaputa i te whakaahua tōrunga i roto i ngā pakiaka Arabidopsis, e ārahi ana i a rātou i te mata oneone. I tua atu i te wetewete, he pānga tōrunga tō te rama whero ki te āheitanga o te tipu ki te ātete i ngā hauora koiora (hei tauira, ngā pathogens) me te abiotic (hei tauira, te taurakitanga, te mātao), i te nuinga o te wā mā te whakaawe i te whakanaotanga o ngā pānga ārai me ngā taiaki e pā ana ki te hau. Heoi anō, ehara te urupare rama whero i te pateko; e whārite hihiri ana e tōna hoa, te rama whero tawhiti.

He aha te tūranga o te rama whero-tawhiti (700-800 nm) me te ōwehenga R/FR?

Ko te rama whero tawhiti, ahakoa he iti noa iho te āwhina ki te whakaahuatanga, ka whai wāhi nui ki te whakahaere i ngā pānga o te rama whero mā te pūnaha phytochrome. Ko te ōwehenga o te whero ki te rama whero tawhiti (R/FR) he tohu taiao tino nui mō ngā tipu, otirā ki te kite i te tāuriuri mai i ngā otaota noho tata. I te rā katoa, he tiketike te ōwehenga R/FR. Ina whakamarumaru te tipu e ētahi atu rau, e ngongo ana i te rama whero mō te whakaahuatanga, engari ka tuku i te rama whero tawhiti, ka heke te ōwehenga R/FR. Ka whakaoho tēnei "syndrome avoidance shade" i tētahi huinga urupare. Mā te ōwehenga R/FR iti ka heke pea te kaha whakaahua, e kitea ana i roto i ngā pīni tākihi. I te nuinga o te wā ka nui ake te whakaroanga o te tātā, i te wā e ngana ana te tipu ki te tipu i runga ake i ōna tauwhāinga, tae atu ki ngā huringa o te wetewete rau. Kua whakaaturia e ngā mātauranga mā te tāpiri i te rama kōauau mā ki te hihi whero tawhiti (hei tauira, me te taumata i te 734 nm) ka taea te whakaiti i te ihirangi anthocyanin, carotenoid, me te chlorophyll i ētahi tipu me te whakanui ake i te taumaha hou, te taumaha maroke, te roa o te tātā, me te horahanga rau. Ko tēnei whakareitanga tipu mai i te FR tāpiri tērā pea nā te nui ake o te ngongo mārama e ngā rau nui ake ināianei. Ka nui ake, ka mātotoru ake ngā tipu i raro i ngā here R/FR iti, me te nui ake o te biomass me te whakarei ake i te urutaunga mātao i whakaritea ki ērā i tipu i raro i te R/FR tiketike. Ka taea hoki e te ōwehenga R/FR te whakarerekē i te manawanui tote o te tipu, e whakaatu ana i te awe hōhonu o tēnei toenga tūāwhiowhio ki te hauora me te manawanui o te tipu. Ko te whakawhitiwhiti i waenga i te rama whero me te rama whero tawhiti he tauira tauhira o te kounga o te mārama, ehara i te nui anake, e whakatau ana i te āhua me te taumahi o te tipu.

He aha te rama kikorangi (400-500 nm) e tino nui ana mō te tipu tipu hauora?

He tino nui te rama kikorangi mō te whanaketanga tipu pūnoa, ā, ka kitea e ngā whakaahua tauwhāiti tae atu ki ngā cryptochromes me ngā phototropins. He rerekē ōna pānga i ērā o te rama whero. I te nuinga o te wā, mā te whakanui ake i te hautanga o te rama kikorangi i roto i te tūāwhiorangi katoa ka hua i ngā tipu poto ake, he iti ake te roa o te waewae, he iti iho ngā wāhi rau, me te iti iho o te tipu pātahi i whakaritea ki ngā tipu i tipu i raro i te rama whero anake. Ka whakaawe hoki i ngā ōwehenga metabolic, i te nuinga o te wā e whakanui ana i te ōwehenga hauota-ki-te-waro (N/C). I tētahi taumata ā-tinana taketake, e hiahiatia ana te rama kikorangi mō te kōtuitanga chlorophyll tika me te hanganga o ngā chloroplasts hauora. Ko ngā chloroplasts i hangaia i raro i te rama kikorangi, he nui ake te ōwehenga chlorophyll a/b me ngā taumata carotenoid iti iho. Ko te tūranga nui o te rama kikorangi e tino whakaahuatia ana i roto i tana tauwhitinga ki te whakaahuatanga. Hei tauira, ka āta whakapeka te mokatere whakaahua o ngā pūtau algae i tipu i raro i te rama whero motukore. Heoi anō, ka tere te whakaora o tēnei mokatere ina nekehia ki te rama kikorangi, ina tāpirihia rānei ētahi rama kikorangi ki te papamuri whero. Waihoki, ina whakawhitia ngā pūtau tupeka pōuri ki te mārama kikorangi motukore, ko te nui me te ngohe o Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), te whākōkī matua o te whakaahuatanga, ka nui haere te nui o te taumaha maroke o te pūtau. I raro i te rama whero motukore, he tino pōturi tēnei pikinga. E whakaatu ana ēnei whakamātautau mō te whakaahua pakari me te tipu, kāore i te nui te rama whero anake. Hei tauira, ka taea e te witi te whakaoti i tōna huringa ora i raro i tētahi pūtake LED whero kotahi, engari kia taea ai ngā tipu teitei, whai hua me te maha o ngā kākano, me tāpiri he nui o te rama kikorangi. Ko ngā akoranga mō te rētihi, te pīpī, me te rīhi e whakaatu tonu ana he nui ake ngā hua i raro i te pahekotanga o te rama whero me te kikorangi i raro i te rama whero anake, ā, e ōrite ana ki ērā e tutuki ana i raro i ngā rama mātao mātao. Heoi anō, ko te whārite te kī; Ka taea e te rama kikorangi te tautāwhi i te tipu, ā, ka iti rawa te horahanga rau me te taumaha maroke katoa. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā tipu i ngā rerekētanga nui o te momo i roto i tō rātou hiahia rama kikorangi tino pai.

He aha ngā pānga matatini, tūturu hoki o te rama kākāriki (500-600 nm)?

Ko te tūnga o te rama kākāriki i roto i te whanaketanga tipu he kaupapa taupatupatu nui me te rangahau, e hua ana i ētahi wā he hua tūturu. Ka puta mai tēnei matatini nā te mea ka rerekē te whakamāramatanga o te "rama kākāriki", i te nuinga o te wā e hāngai ana i ngā roangaru mai i te 500 ki te 600 nm, kei roto ko tētahi wāhanga o te tūāwhiorangi kōwhai. Mō ngā tau maha, he āhua hē te rama kākāriki, i te mea he nui ake te whakaata i te rama whero, kikorangi rānei, ā, he iti iho te ngongo e te chlorophyll. Heoi anō, kua kitea e ngā rangahau i roto i ngā tau e rima kua hipa he pānga nui, ahurei hoki te rama kākāriki, i te nuinga o te wā e ātete ana, e kōwae ana rānei i ngā urupare e aia ana e te rama whero me te kikorangi. Kua kitea e ētahi mātauranga ngā pānga ārai. Hei tauira, ko te taumaha maroke o ngā kākano tōmato i tipu i raro i te rama mā (kei roto te whero, te kikorangi, me te kākāriki) he tino iti iho i tērā o ngā kākano i tipu i raro i te rama whero me te kikorangi anake. Nā te tātaritanga tūāwhiowhio i roto i te ahurea kikokiko i huatau ko te rama kākāriki me te taumata huri noa i te 550 nm pea te kounga mārama tino kino mō te tipu. I roto i ngā marigolds, mā te tango i te rama kākāriki mai i te tūāwhiorangi i whakarei ake ai te puawai, i a ia e tāpiri ana i te puawai i ētahi atu momo pēnei i te Dianthus me te rētihi. Ko ngā tipu e tipu ana i raro i te mārama tūāwhiorangi katoa me te rama kākāriki tāpiri, he poto ake, ā, kua whakahekea te taumaha hou, maroke hoki. Heoi anō, ko ētahi atu akoranga e pūrongo ana i ngā pānga whakatairanga tipu. I kitea e Kim et al. i te tāpiritanga o te rama kākāriki ki tētahi papamuri LED whero-kikorangi, ka tautāwhi te tipu tipu mēnā he nui ake i te 50% te rama kākāriki, engari i whakarei ake ina iti iho i te 24% te wāhanga o te rama kākāriki. I kitea e rātau te pikinga o te taumaha maroke o te rētihi i runga i te whenua me te tāpiritanga o te rama kākāriki. Tērā anō, ka taea e ngā mokowhiti poto o te rama kākāriki hina te whakatere i te whakaroanga o te tātā i roto i ngā kākano pōuri, ā, ko te mahinga o te Arabidopsis me te mokowhiti poto o te rama kākāriki mai i tētahi pūtake LED i whakaaturia hei whakarerekē i te kīanga ira plastid me te whakanui ake i te tere o te tupunga tātā. E hua ana tētahi arotakenga whānui o te whakaahua tipu kei ngā tipu tētahi pūnaha kitenga rama kākāriki motuhake e mahi hāngai ana ki ngā pūoko whero me te kikorangi hei whakarite i te tupu me te whanaketanga, e whakaawe ana i ngā mea katoa mai i te whakatuwheratanga tōmata ki te kīanga ira chloroplast. Tērā pea i takea mai ngā kitenga tūturu i ngā rerekētanga o ngā roangaru tauwhāiti e whakamahia ana, te wāhanga o te rama kākāriki e pā ana ki ētahi atu tae, me te momo tipu i raro i te tūhuratanga.

He pēhea te pānga o te rama kōwhai (580-600 nm) me te hihi UV ki ngā tipu?

Ki te whakatauritea ki te rama whero me te kikorangi, he iti iho te ako i ngā pānga o te rama kōwhai (tata ki te 580-600 nm), engari e tohu ana te rangahau tīariari he mahi ārai i te nuinga o te wā. Kua whakaaturia e ngā mātauranga e uiui ana i ngā pānga o ngā tāhei tūāwhiowhio rerekē i runga i te rētihi e tautāwhi ana te rama kōwhai i te tipu. Ko te rerekētanga o te tipu tipu i kitea i raro i ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike me ngā rama halide konganuku, i takea motuhake ki te wae kōwhai kōwhai, ko te rama kōwhai te take tautāwhi. Heoi anō, i whakaaturia e te rangahau i runga i ngā kukama ko te rama kōwhai (me te taumata i te 595 nm) i tautāwhi i te tipu i te rama kākāriki (taumata i te 520 nm). Ko te kore rawa o ngā tuhinga i runga i te rama kōwhai, ko tētahi wāhanga nā te mea ka whakarārangitia e ētahi kairangahau te awhe 500-600 nm hei "rama kākāriki," e whakapouri ana i ngā pānga tauwhāiti o te wāhanga kōwhai o te tūāwhiorangi.

Ko te hihi ultraviolet (UV), otirā ko UV-B (280-320 nm), he pānga kaha, he maha hoki ngā pānga ki ngā tipu. I te nuinga o te wā, ka mahi a UV-B hei hauā. Ka taea e ia te whakaiti i te horahanga rau, te tautāwhi i te whakaroanga o te hypocotyl (tātā), me te whakaheke i te whakaahuatanga me te hua katoa, kia nui ake ai te mōrearea o ngā tipu ki te whakaeke pathogen. Heoi anō, ka whakamahia hoki e ngā tipu te UV-B hei tohu taiao hei whakaoho i ngā urupare parenga. Ka pai te poapoa a UV-B i te kōtuitanga o ngā flavonoids me ngā anthocyanins, e mahi ana hei ārai ārai rā, e pare ana i ngā kikokiko tipu hōhonu ake i te tūkinotanga. Ka taea hoki e ia te whakapakari i ngā tikanga ārai ahuwhānui. Ahakoa ka whakaheke pea i te ihirangi o ngā pūhui whai hua pēnei i te waikawa ascorbic (huaora C) me te β-carotene i ētahi take, ka pai te whakatairanga i te whakaputa anthocyanin. Ko ngā pānga morphological o te mārakerake UV-B i te nuinga o te wā ka hua mai he momo tipu whito me ngā rau iti, mātotoru, ngā petiole poto, me te nui ake o te peka axillary. Ko te ōwehenga o te UV-B ki te hihi hohe whakaahua (UV-B/PAR) he whakatau nui o te urupare tipu. Ka whakaawe tahi te UV-B me te PAR i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te wetewete me te hua hinu o te mint, e miramira ana i te hiranga o te ako i ēnei pānga i raro i ngā āhuatanga mārama tūturu. He mea nui kia mōhio koe he maha ngā akoranga taiwhanga o ngā pānga UV-B e whakamahi ana i ngā taumata UV-B teitei ake me te papamuri PAR iti iho i te āhua o te āhua, he uaua ki te whakaputa hāngai i ā rātou kitenga ki ngā here āpure. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahia e ngā akoranga āpure ētahi atu huarahi ātaahua, pēnei i te tāpiri, te tātari rānei i te UV-B kia mārama ai ki tōna pānga tūturu.

Ngā pātai auau mō te mārama monochromatic me te tipu tipu

Ka taea e ngā tipu te tipu i raro i te rama whero me te kikorangi anake?

Āe, he maha ngā tipu ka taea te whakaoti i tō rātou huringa ora katoa i raro i te rama whero me te kikorangi anake, nā te mea ko ēnei ngā roangaru tino pai rawa atu i te whakaahua. Heoi anō, e whakaatu ana te rangahau mā te tāpiri i te iti o te rama kākāriki (iti iho i te 24%) ka taea te whakarei ake i te tupu me te biomass i ētahi momo, tērā pea mā te tuku i te mārama kia hōhonu ake ki roto i te kākano tipu, mā te whakaoho i ngā urupare whakaahua tāpiri kāore i whakahohea e te rama whero, kikorangi rānei.

He aha te syndrome ārai marumaru i roto i ngā tipu?

Ko te karo uriuri he huinga urupare i whakaohotia ina kitea e te tipu he ōwehenga māmā whero ki te whero tawhiti (R/FR), e tohu ana i te aroaro o ngā otaota noho tata. Ka whakamāramatia tēnei e te tipu hei tuma o te uriuri, ā, ka urupare mā te whakaroa i ōna tātā me ōna petioles kia tipu ake i runga ake i ngā tauwhāinga, ka whakaiti i te peka, ā, i ētahi wā ka whakatere i te puawai. Ahakoa he āwhina i te mohoao, ka kore pea tēnei e hiahiatia i roto i te ahuwhenua whakahaere, e ahu ana ki ngā tipu waewae, ngoikore.

He whai hua, he kino rānei te rama UV mō ngā tipu?

He tūranga takirua tō te rama UV, otirā ko UV-B. I te kaha tiketike, he kino, ka tūkino i te DNA, ka whakaiti i te whakaahuatanga, me te tautāwhi i te tipu. Heoi anō, i ngā taumata rauropi e hāngai ana, ka mahi hei tohu taiao hira. Ka whakaohooho i te whakanaotanga o ngā pūhui ārai pēnei i te flavonoids me te anthocyanins, e taea ai te whakarei ake i te tae tipu, te whakanui ake i te manawanui o te hau, me te whakapai ake i te kounga kai o ētahi hua mā te whakapiki i ngā taumata antioxidant.