Ko e ha ʻoku mahuʻinga ai hono siviʻi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ki he malu ʻo e LED Luminaire

Ko e maama LED kotoa pe ʻoku mavahe mei ha fale ngaue pea fokotuʻu ʻi ha ʻapi, ʻofisi, pe malaʻe vaʻinga kuo pau ke nau aʻusia ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga malu fefeka. ʻOku kau ʻi he ngaahi meʻa mahuʻinga taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ni ʻa e sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga, ʻa ia ʻoku faʻa ui ko e sivi ʻo e malohi ʻo e dielectric pe sivi hipot. ʻOku ʻikai ʻuhinga ʻa e sivi ko ʻeni ke vakaiʻi pe ʻoku ngaue ʻa e mama, ka ke fakapapauʻi ʻe ʻikai hoko ia ko ha fakatuʻutamaki fakatuʻutamaki ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga ʻoku fehalaaki. Ko e tefitoʻi moʻoni mahuʻinga ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku feʻunga ʻa e insulation ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi konga ʻuhila moʻui mo ha faʻahinga konga conductive (hange ko e fale ukamea) ke maluʻi ʻa e kau fakaʻaongaʻi mei he luluʻi ʻa e ʻuhila. ʻOku ne fakatataaʻi ʻa e mafasia ʻo e voltage spikes mo e surges ʻe lava ke hoko ʻi he grid ʻuhila, hange ko ia ʻoku fakatupu ʻe he tapa ʻa e ʻuhila pe feliliuaki. ʻI hono fakaʻaongaʻi ha voltage ʻoku maʻolunga ange ʻi he maama ʻe lava ke sio ki ai ʻi he ngaue angamaheni, ʻoku teke ʻe he sivi ʻa e insulation ki hono ngataʻanga ʻi ha founga ʻoku mapuleʻi. Kapau ʻoku ʻi ai ha vaivai—ko ha ava ʻi he fakatahaʻanga, ko ha feituʻu manifi ʻi he pelesitiki, ko ha hala totolo ʻoku fuʻu nounou—ʻe fakatupu ʻe he voltage maʻolunga ha maumau, fakatupu ha arc pe fakaʻata ke tafe mai ʻa e ʻau ʻoku fuʻu totuʻa. ʻOku ʻiloʻi ʻeni ʻe he sivi, pea ʻoku ʻikai tali ʻa e maama maumau kimuʻa pea toki aʻu ki ha kasitomaa. Ki he ngaahi kautaha hange ko e OAK LED, ʻoku ʻikai ko ha puha pe ʻa e sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ke vakaiʻi ʻa e tohi fakamoʻoni; Ko ha konga mahuʻinga ia ʻo e tukupa ke faʻu ha ngaahi koloa malu mo falalaʻanga ʻoku ne maluʻi ʻa e kau fakaʻaongaʻi mo pukepuke ʻa e ongoongo lelei ʻo e kautaha ʻi he tuʻunga lelei.

Ko e ha ʻoku fakahoko ai ʻa e ngaahi sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ʻi he ngaahi maama LED?

ʻOku ʻi ai ha tefitoʻi ʻuhinga ʻe ua ki hono siviʻi ʻo e maama LED kotoa pe ki ha sivi voltage maʻolunga. Ko e ʻuluaki ʻuhinga ʻoku fekauʻaki hangatonu ia mo e malu ʻa e tangata. ʻI he taimi ʻoku fuofua fakamoʻui ai ha mama, pe ʻi he taimi ʻoku ʻi ai ha fakahohaʻasi ʻi he grid ʻuhila, ʻe lava ke moʻulaloa ʻa e meʻangaue ʻoku fehokotaki ki he taimi pe ko ia. ʻI he ngaahi tuʻunga faingataʻa ko ʻeni, ʻoku faingataʻaʻia ʻa e insulation ʻi loto ʻi he luminaire. Kapau ʻoku ʻikai feʻunga ʻa e insulation ʻe lava ke maumau, ʻo lava ke tafe mai ai ha ʻau fakatuʻutamaki ki he fale ukamea pe ngaahi konga kehe ʻoku lava ke aʻu ki ai. Kapau ʻe ala ha taha ki he fale ko ʻeni lolotonga ʻene fakakelekele, ʻe lava ke hoko ʻa e ʻuhila ko ha lavea lahi pe aʻu ʻo mate. ʻOku fakapapauʻi ʻe he sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ʻi he malumalu ʻo e ngaahi tuʻunga ko ʻeni ʻo e mafasia, ʻoku kei maʻu pe ʻa e leakage lolotonga ʻi lalo ʻi ha tuʻunga malu, fakapapauʻi ʻoku ʻomi ʻe he insulation ʻo e koloa ha paʻanga lelei ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e tokotaha fakaʻaongaʻi mo e voltages fakamate. Ko e ʻuhinga hono ua ke fakapapauʻi ʻa e tuʻunga totonu mo e ola lelei ʻo e palani mo e fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e koloa. Ko e sivi ko ʻeni ko ha meʻangaue malohi ia ki hono puleʻi ʻo e tuʻunga lelei ʻe lava ke ne ʻiloʻi ha ngaahi fehalaaki kehekehe ʻi hono ngaohiʻanga koloa. Hange ko ʻeni, kapau ʻoku fuʻu siʻisiʻi ʻa e ngaahi ava ʻi he fale nofoʻanga, pe kapau ʻoku ʻikai ke fenapasi ʻa e ngaahi konga pelesitiki, ʻe ala uesia ʻa e mamaʻo ʻo e insulation ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi konga moʻui mo e nofoʻanga. ʻE fakahaaʻi ʻe he sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ʻa e vaivai ko ʻeni. ʻIkai ngata ai, ʻoku ne fakapapauʻi ʻe lava ʻe he ngaahi naunau ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi, tautautefito ki he pelesitiki, ʻo matuʻuaki ʻa e mafasia ʻo e ʻuhila ʻo ʻikai vaia, deforming, pe maumau ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga angamaheni ʻo e ngaue, ʻa ia ʻe toe uesia ai ʻa e ngaue taimi loloa ʻo e mama. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he lavaʻi ʻo e sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ʻa e loto falala ʻoku fakatou malu ke fakaʻaongaʻi mo faʻu fefeka ʻa e luminaire.

Ko e ha ʻa e ngaahi fie maʻu angamaheni ʻo e sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ki he ngaahi maama LED?

ʻOku ʻikai taʻeʻaonga ʻa e ngaahi fakangatangata pau ʻo ha sivi voltage maʻolunga—ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e voltage, loloa, mo e lolotonga leakage ʻoku tali. ʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi kinautolu ʻe he ngaahi tuʻunga malu fakavahaʻapuleʻanga hange ko e IEC 60598 (ki he ngaahi luminaires) mo e IEC 61347 (ki he naunau ki hono puleʻi ʻo e mama). Ki ha maama angamaheni ʻo e Kalasi I (ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi ai ha fale ukamea kuo pau ke fakafehokotaki ki he kelekele ʻo e mamani), ko e voltage sivi angamaheni ko e 1500V AC. Ki he ngaahi maama ʻo e Kalasi II (ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi ai ha insulation ʻe ua pe fakamalohia pea ʻikai fie maʻu ha fehokotakiʻanga ʻo e kelekele), ʻoku faʻa maʻolunga ange ʻa e voltage ʻo e sivi, ʻo faʻa 3000V AC pe 4000V AC. ʻOku lave ʻa e sipinga ʻoku ʻomi ʻi he ʻuluaki fakamatala ki ha sivi 2500V, ʻa ia ʻe fakaʻaongaʻi ki ha faʻahinga maama pe konga pau. Ko e loloa ʻo e sivi ko e miniti ʻe 1 ki hono siviʻi ʻo e faʻahinga (fakamoʻoniʻi ʻo ha tisaini) ka ʻe lava ke fakasiʻisiʻi ki he sekoni ʻe 1 ki hono siviʻi ʻo e laine ngaohi, mo ha voltage maʻolunga ange. Lolotonga ʻa e sivi, ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ha voltage maʻolunga ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi konga moʻui (L mo e N ʻoku fakafehokotaki fakataha) mo e ngaahi konga conductive ʻoku lava ke maʻu (hange ko e fale ukamea). ʻOku fakafuofuaʻi ʻe he hipot tester ha faʻahinga ʻau pe ʻoku tafe mai ʻi he insulation. Ko e leakage lolotonga ʻoku tali ʻoku faʻa ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha milliamps siʻi (mA), ʻoku faʻa fakamahinoʻi ʻoku siʻi hifo ʻi he 5mA, 3.5mA, pe naʻa mo e 1mA ki he ngaahi meʻangaue pelepelengesi ʻaupito. Kapau ʻoku lahi ange ʻa e leakage lolotonga ʻoku fua ʻi he fakangatangata ko ʻeni, ʻe fakatokanga ʻa e tester, pea ʻikai lava ʻa e maama ʻi he sivi. ʻOku fakahaaʻi heni ʻoku ʻikai feʻunga ʻa e insulation pea ʻoku ngalingali ʻoku ʻikai malu ʻa e koloa. ʻOku toe fakapapauʻi foki ʻe he sivi ko e ngaahi naunau pelesitiki ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ki he fale mo e insulator ʻi loto ʻoku nau maʻu ʻa e malohi dielectric ʻoku fie maʻu pea ʻe ʻikai maumau pe deform ʻi he malumalu ʻo e mafasia fakaʻuhila ko ʻeni, ʻa ia ʻoku mahuʻinga ki hono tauhi ʻo e malu ʻi he moʻui ʻa e koloa.

Founga ke fakahoko ai ha sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ʻi ha maama LED: ko ha founga sitepu ki he sitepu

ʻOku fie maʻu ha founga tokanga ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku tonu ʻa e sivi mo e malu ʻa e tokotaha ngaue ki hono fakahoko totonu ʻo e sivi maʻolunga. Ko ha fakahinohino sitepu ki he sitepu ʻeni ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he ngaahi founga angamaheni, ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e hipot tester angamaheni. ʻUluaki, teuteuʻi ʻa e hipot tester ʻaki hono fakafehokotaki hono palaki ʻuhila ki ha outlet ʻoku feʻunga mo e "220V" (pe ko e voltage totonu ki he tester) pea fakamoʻui ʻa e tefitoʻi meʻa kamosi ʻuhila ʻo e tester. Tuku ke mafana ʻa e meʻa sivi kapau ʻe fie maʻu. Ua, configure ʻa e settings ʻo e tester. Makatuʻunga ʻi he ngaahi fakamatala pau ki he maama ʻoku siviʻi, seti ʻa e output "voltage" (e.g., 2500V AC), ko e "taimi" ʻo e sivi (e.g., sekoni ʻe 1 pe miniti ʻe 1), mo e tuʻunga ʻo e "leakage current" (e.g., 5 mA) ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e dials totonu pe ngaahi meʻa fakaʻilekitulonika ʻi he misini. Tolu, fai ha vakaiʻi ʻo e meʻa sivi ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku ngaue totonu. Ko ha sitepu mahuʻinga ʻeni. Toʻo ʻa e vaʻa ʻo e sivi voltage maʻolunga pea ala nounou ki hono tumuʻaki ki he kelekele (GND) pe fehokotakiʻanga kelekele ʻo e tester. Kapau ʻoku ngaue lelei ʻa e tester, ʻe hanga ʻe he short circuit ko ʻeni ʻo fakatupu ha fakatokanga he taimi pe ko ia, ʻo fakahaaʻi ai ʻoku ngaue ʻa e circuitry ʻoku ʻiloʻi ai ʻa e fehalaaki. Kapau ʻoku ʻikai ke fakatokanga, mahalo ʻoku maumau ʻa e meʻa sivi pea ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke fakaʻaongaʻi. Faa, fakahoko ʻa e maama ʻoku siviʻi. Fokotuʻu ʻa e ngaahi pine palaki ʻo e maama pe ko hono ngaahi taki ʻuhila ʻoku hu mai ke fetuʻutaki malohi mo e ngataʻanga ʻo e meʻa ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he tokotaha sivi, ʻa ia ʻoku faʻa hoko ko ha peleti ukamea pe ko ha socket makehe. ʻOku fakafehokotaki ʻe he meʻa ni ʻa e circuit moʻui ʻo e maama ki he output ʻo e voltage maʻolunga. Nima, fakahoko ʻa e sivi. ʻI hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e vaʻa ʻo e sivi voltage maʻolunga (ʻa ia ʻoku moʻui mo e voltage ʻo e sivi), ala maʻu mo nounou ki hono tumuʻaki ukamea ki ha konga ukamea ʻo e fale ʻo e luminaire, pe ki ha faʻahinga konga conductive ʻoku lava ke maʻu ʻe ha taha ʻoku ne fakaʻaongaʻi. Kuo pau ke fetuʻutaki lelei ʻa e fakatotolo. Vakaiʻi ʻa e hipot tester. Kapau ʻoku ʻikai fakatokangaʻi ʻe he tester pea fakakakato ʻe he sivi ʻa ʻene siakale, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe he meʻa ni kuo pukepuke ʻa e insulation pea kei maʻu pe ʻa e leakage lolotonga ʻi lalo ʻi he tuʻunga kuo fokotuʻu. Kuo lavaʻi ʻe he maama ʻa e sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga. Kapau ʻe fakatokanga ʻa e sivi ʻi ha faʻahinga taimi, kuo ʻikai ola lelei ʻa e sivi, ʻo fakahaaʻi ai ʻoku maumau pe fuʻu mama, pea kuo pau ke fakafisingaʻi ʻa e maama ke toe fakatotoloʻi mo toe ngaue foʻou. ʻOku fakapapauʻi ʻe he founga ko ʻeni ʻoku vakaiʻi lelei ʻa e maama kotoa pe ki he malu fakaʻuhila.

Mahino ʻa e Insulation Performance mo e Potential Failure Modes

Ko e sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ko hano fakafuofuaʻi ia ʻo e founga insulation ʻo e luminaire. ʻOku ʻikai ko ha konga pe ʻe taha ʻa e polokalama ko ʻeni ka ko hano fakatahaʻi ʻo e ngaahi naunau, mamaʻo, mo e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e fakatahaʻanga. Ke fakalaka atu ha maama kuo pau ke ʻata feʻunga mo e mamaʻo feʻunga. Ko e fakaʻata ko e mamaʻo nounou taha ia ʻi he ʻea ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ongo konga conductive, lolotonga ia ko e creepage ko e mamaʻo nounou taha ia ʻi he fukahi meʻa insulating. ʻOku fakamahinoʻi ʻe he ngaahi tuʻunga moʻui ʻa e mamaʻo siʻisiʻi taha ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he voltage ngaue mo e tuʻunga ʻo e ʻuli ʻi he ʻatakai. ʻOku fakapapauʻi ʻe he sivi voltage maʻolunga ʻoku feʻunga ʻa e mamaʻo ko ʻeni, ʻo hange ko ia ʻoku fakahoko ʻi he koloa fakatuʻasino. ʻE lava ke hoko ha taʻelavameʻa ʻi ha ngaahi ʻuhinga kehekehe. Ko e mahino taha ko ha short circuit fakahangatonu, ʻa ia ʻoku tau ai ha uaea ʻoku he pe ko ha konga ʻoku ʻikai lelei hono fokotuʻu ki he fale. Ko e tupuʻanga angamaheni ʻe taha ko e ʻikai feʻunga ʻa e fakaʻata; Kapau ʻoku fuʻu vaofi ʻa e ongo fakaʻilonga ʻi ha circuit board, ʻe lava ke hu ʻa e voltage maʻolunga ʻi he ʻea ʻi hona vahaʻa. ʻE lava foki ke hoko ha maumau ʻo e meʻa insulating kapau ʻoku ava ʻa e pelesitiki, fuʻu manifi, pe siʻisiʻi ʻa e malohi ʻo e dielectric. ʻE lava ke fakatupu ʻe he hauhau pe ʻuli ʻi he funga ʻo ha insulator ha hala conductive, ʻo iku ki he fuʻu lahi ʻo e leakage ʻi he hala totolo. Ko e ʻuhinga ʻeni ʻoku mahuʻinga ai ʻa e hauhau mo e maʻa lolotonga ʻa e fakatahaʻanga. Ko ha fakaʻilonga mahuʻinga ʻa e taʻelavameʻa ʻi he sivi voltage maʻolunga ko ha fakaʻilonga mahuʻinga ia ʻoku tuhu ki ha vaivaiʻanga pau ʻi he palani pe founga ngaohi, ʻo fakaʻata ai ʻa e kau ʻenisinia ke fakatotoloʻi ʻa e palopalema mo fakahoko ʻa e ngaahi ngaue fakatonutonu ke fakaleleiʻi ʻa e tuʻunga lelei mo e malu fakalukufua ʻo e koloa. Ko e fakamaau fakaʻosi ia pe ʻoku ola lelei moʻoni ʻa e ʻa maluʻi.

Ngaahi Fehuʻi ʻOku Faʻa ʻEke Fekauʻaki mo e Sivi ʻo e Voltage Maʻolunga ʻo e LED Luminaires

ʻOku fakatuʻutamaki ki he tokotaha ngaue ʻa e sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga?

ʻIo, ko e sivi ʻo e voltage maʻolunga ʻoku kau ai ʻa e voltages ʻe ala fakatupu mate pea kuo pau ke fakahoko maʻu pe ia ʻe ha kau ngaue kuo akoʻi ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi founga malu totonu. ʻOku ʻikai totonu ke teitei ala ʻa e kau ngaue ki he tumuʻaki ʻo e sivi pe ko e maama ʻoku fakafehokotaki lolotonga ha sivi. ʻOku faʻu ʻa e ngaahi meʻa sivi hipot ʻo onoponi ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi interlocks malu pea te nau tamateʻi ʻa e output ʻi he taimi pe ko ia kapau ʻoku ʻiloʻi ha fehalaaki, ka ʻoku matuʻaki mahuʻinga ʻaupito ʻa e talangofua ki he ngaahi founga malu, kau ai hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e ngaahi sivi mo e tauhi ha vamamaʻo malu.

ʻE lava nai ʻe ha sivi voltage maʻolunga ʻo maumauʻi ha maama LED lelei?

ʻI he taimi ʻoku fakahoko totonu ai ʻo fakatatau ki he ngaahi tuʻunga moʻui pea mo e vahaʻa taimi ʻoku fakamahinoʻi, ʻoku ʻikai totonu ke maumauʻi ʻe ha sivi voltage maʻolunga ha maama naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu mo faʻu totonu. ʻOku fakataumuʻa ʻa e voltage ʻo e sivi ke fakamamafaʻi ʻa e insulation kae ʻikai fakatupu ha maumau ki ai. Neongo ia, ʻe lava ke holoki ʻa e insulation ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi. Ko e ʻuhinga ʻeni ʻoku faʻa fai ai ʻa e ngaahi sivi ʻo e laine ngaohi ʻi ha kiʻi voltage maʻolunga ange ʻi ha taimi nounou ange (e.g., sekoni ʻe 1) ke aʻusia ʻa e tuʻunga tatau ʻo e falala kae ʻikai fakamafasiaʻi ʻa e koloa.

Ko e ha ʻa e faikehekehe ʻi he sivi ʻo e AC mo e DC hipot?

ʻE lava ke fakaʻaongaʻi fakatouʻosi ʻa e AC mo e DC voltages ki hono siviʻi ʻo e hipot. ʻOku angamaheni ange hono siviʻi ʻo e AC ki he ngaahi maama ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he mains, he ʻoku ne fakamamafaʻi ʻa e insulation ʻi he ongo polarities fakatouʻosi, ʻo tatau pe mo e ngaahi tuʻunga moʻoni ʻo e AC. ʻOku faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi he taimi ʻe niʻihi ʻa e sivi ʻo e DC ki he capacitances maʻolunga ʻaupito, koeʻuhi he ʻoku ʻikai ke ne tohoakiʻi ha fuʻu lahi ʻo e ʻuhila. ʻOku ʻikai tatau fakahangatonu ʻa e voltages ʻo e sivi; hange ko ʻeni, ʻoku faʻa tatau ʻa e sivi 1500V AC mo ha sivi 2121V DC. ʻE tuʻutuʻuni ʻe he tuʻunga pau ki he koloa ʻa e faʻahinga sivi mo e voltage ke fakaʻaongaʻi.