Mahino ʻa e Ngaahi Pou ʻe Fa ʻo e Fua ʻo e Maama ʻo e LED

ʻI he taimi ʻoku tau talanoa ai ki he "ngingila" ʻo e maama LED, ʻoku tau faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ha foʻi lea angamaheni ʻe lava ke ʻuhinga ki ha ngaahi meʻa kehekehe ʻi he ngaahi tukunga kehekehe. Ko e lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku hu mai mei he foʻi ʻuhila? Ko e malohi ʻo e fuʻu ʻakau ʻoku fakatefito ʻi ha feituʻu pau? Pe ko e tuʻunga ʻo e maama ʻi ho tesi pe ʻi ha malaʻe ʻakapulu? Ki he kau faʻu mama, kau ʻenisinia, mo e kau specifiers, ʻoku ʻikai ko ha meʻa noaʻia pe ʻa e ngaahi faikehekehe ko ʻeni; ʻoku nau mahuʻinga. Ke fakamatalaʻi, fakafehoanaki mo fakaʻaongaʻi totonu ʻa e maama LED, ʻoku tau fakafalala ki he lahi ʻo e photometric kehekehe ʻe fa: flux ʻo e mama, malohi ʻo e mama, ngingila (luminance), mo e luminance. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi meʻafua takitaha ko ʻeni ha konga kehekehe ʻo e pasolo, ʻo tali ha fehuʻi kehekehe fekauʻaki mo e ngaue ʻa e mama. ʻOku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e fakakatoa ʻo e output, ʻoku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e malohi ʻo e fakahinohino, ʻoku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e meʻa ʻoku to ʻi ha funga, pea ʻoku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e founga ʻoku ha mai ai ha funga. ʻOku mahuʻinga ʻa e taukei ʻi he ngaahi fakakaukau ko ʻeni ʻe fa ki ha taha pe ʻoku kau ʻi hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e ngaahi maama ʻo e mama, mei ha kiʻi maama tesi faingofua ki ha fola faingataʻa ʻo e malaʻe vaʻinga. ʻE demystify ʻe he fakahinohino ko ʻeni ʻa e ngaahi founga takitaha ʻe fa ko ʻeni ʻo e fikaʻi ʻo e maama ʻo e LED, ʻo ʻomi ha ngaahi fakaʻuhinga mahino, ngaahi fotunga, ngaahi ʻiuniti, mo e ngaahi sipinga ʻaonga ʻo ʻenau fakaʻaongaʻi.

Ko e ha ʻa e maama pea ʻoku fikaʻi fefe ia?

Ko e maama flux ko e fakavaʻe ia ʻo e maama ʻoku maʻu. ʻOku ne quantifies ʻa e lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku ʻasi mai ʻe ha maʻuʻanga tokoni ʻi he ʻiuniti ʻo e taimi. Fakakaukau ki ai ko e "tafe mai" fakakatoa ʻo e maama mei ha mama, ʻo tatau ai pe pe ko e ha e feituʻu ʻoku fononga ki ai. Ko ha meʻafua ia ʻo e maama kotoa ʻoku maʻu, ʻo hoko ai ko e fakaʻilonga fakahangatonu taha ia ʻo e malohi fakalukufua ʻo ha maʻuʻanga mama ke maʻu ʻa e mama. Ko e ʻiuniti ʻo e maama flux ko e lumen (lm). ʻI he taimi ʻoku ke fakatau ai ha foʻi ʻuhila LED pea ke sio ʻoku fakahingoa ko e "800 lumens," ko e maama ʻeni ʻoku tafe mai—ʻa e lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku tuku mai ʻe he foʻi ʻuhila ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu kotoa pe. Neongo ia, ʻoku faingataʻa ange hono fikaʻi ʻo e maama ʻi he meʻa ʻoku ha mai, koeʻuhi he ʻoku ʻikai ke sio tatau ʻa e mata ʻo e tangata ki he ngaahi wavelength kotoa ʻo e mama. ʻOku tau ongoʻingofua taha ʻa e maama lanu mata-engeenga ʻi he 555 nm pea siʻisiʻi ange ʻetau ongoʻingofua ʻa e maama kulokula pe lanu pulu. Ko ia ai, ko e flux maama ko ha meʻafua ia ʻoku mamafa. ʻOku fikaʻi ia ʻaki hono toʻo ʻa e malohi ʻo e maama (ivi fakatuʻasino) ʻo e maʻuʻanga maama ʻi he wavelength takitaha pea liunga ia ʻaki ha meʻa ʻoku ne fakafofongaʻi ʻa e ongoʻingofua ʻo e mata ki he wavelength ko ia. ʻOku ʻiloa ʻa e meʻa ko ʻeni ko e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e maama spectral, ʻa ia ʻoku fakaʻilongaʻi ko e V(λ). Ko e founga totonu ki he maama flux (Φ) ko e: Φ = Km ∫ Φ(λ) · V(λ) dλ, ʻa ia ko e Φ(λ) ko e spectral radiant flux, V(λ) ko e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e maama spectral, mo e Km ko ha tuʻumaʻu (683 lm/W) ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakafofongaʻi ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e maama lelei ʻi he tumutumu ʻo e ongoʻingofua wavelength ʻo e 555 nm. Ko hono moʻoni, ʻoku liliu fakafika ʻe he founga ko ʻeni ʻa e malohi fakatuʻasino ki ha fua ʻo e ngingila ʻoku ʻiloʻi ʻe he sisitemi ʻo e sio ʻa e tangata.

Ko e ha ʻa e maama malohi pea ʻoku kehe fefe ia mei he flux?

Neongo ʻoku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e fakakatoa ʻo e mama, ka ʻoku ʻikai ke ne talamai ʻa e founga ʻoku tufaki ai ʻa e maama ko ia. ʻE lava ke hoko ʻa e maama ʻe 1000 ko ha foʻi ʻuhila ʻoku ne puhi ʻa e maama ʻi he feituʻu kotoa pe, pe ko ha maama ʻoku tokanga ki ai. Ko e maama malohi ko e meʻafua ia ʻoku ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e lahi ʻo e mama ʻi ha feituʻu pau. ʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi ia ko e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku tuku mai ʻe ha maʻuʻanga tokoni ʻi he tuliki fefeka ʻi ha feituʻu pau. Ko e tuliki fefeka ko ha tuliki ʻe tolu, fua ʻi he steradians (sr), ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e "cone" ʻo e maama ʻoku mafola mei ha feituʻu. Fakakaukau ki ha kasa: ko hono maama ʻoku feʻunga mo e 300 lumens fakakatoa, ka ʻoku maʻolunga ʻaupito hono maama ʻi he fuʻu ʻakau ʻi loto koeʻuhi he ʻoku fakatefito ʻa e ngaahi maama ʻe 300 ko ia ki ha koni fasiʻi. Ko e ʻiuniti ʻo e maama malohi ko e candela (cd). ʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻa e candela ʻe taha ko e lumen ʻe taha ki he steradian (1 cd = 1 lm/sr). Ko e fekauʻaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e flux mo e malohi ʻoku geometric. Kapau ʻoku ke maʻu ha maʻuʻanga maama ʻoku ne tuku atu ʻene flux uniformly ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu kotoa pe (ko ha maʻuʻanga isotropic), te ke lava ʻo fikaʻi hono malohi ʻaki hono vahevahe ʻa e flux fakakatoa ʻaki ʻa e tuliki fefeka fakakatoa ʻo ha fuopotopoto, ʻa ia ko e 4π steradians. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe maʻu ʻe ha maʻuʻanga tokoni isotropic ʻe 1000 lumen ʻa e malohi ʻo e 1000 lm / 4π sr ≈ 79.6 cd ʻi ha faʻahinga feituʻu pe. Ko hono moʻoni, ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni LED ʻoku ʻikai isotropic. ʻOku kehekehe pe ʻa e malohi ʻo fakatatau mo e feituʻu. ʻOku fakafoki koe ʻe he fakakatoa ʻo e malohi ʻi he ngaahi tafaʻaki kotoa pe, ʻi he fuopotopoto kotoa, ki he maama fakakatoa. Ko e maama malohi ʻa e meʻafua mahuʻinga ki he mahino mo hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e ngaahi tuliki ʻo e beam, reflectors, mo e lenses.

Ko e ha ʻa e maama (luminance) pea ʻoku fua fefe ia?

ʻOku ui ʻa e ngingila ʻi he ngaahi lea fakatekinikale ko e luminance. Neongo ʻoku faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ʻi he fetalanoaʻaki, ka ʻoku ʻi ai ha fakaʻuhinga fakasaienisi pau ʻo e luminance. Ko e fua ia ʻo e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku tuku atu, ʻave pe ʻasi mei ha fukahi feituʻu ʻi ha feituʻu pau. ʻI hono fakalea ʻe taha, ʻoku ne fakafuofuaʻi ʻa e "ngingila" ʻo ha fukahi ki ha taha ʻoku sio ki ai mei ha tuliki pau. Ko ha faikehekehe mahuʻinga ʻeni mei he mama, ʻa ia ʻoku ne fua ʻa e maama ʻoku to ʻi ha funga. ʻOku fua ʻe he luminance ʻa e maama ʻoku mavahe mei he funga ko ia (pe ko ha maʻuʻanga mama) pea fononga ki he mata. Ko e ʻiuniti ʻo e luminance ko e candela ki he sikuea mita (cd/m²), ʻoku faʻa ui foki ko e "nit." ʻOku kau ʻi he fakaʻuhingaʻi totonu ʻa e malohi ʻo e maama (I) ʻoku tuku mai ʻe ha ʻelemeniti ʻi he fukahi (dS) ʻi ha feituʻu pau, vahevahe ʻaki ʻa e ʻelia ʻo e fukahi ʻelemeniti ko ia ʻo hange ko ia ʻoku projected ki ha vakapuna ʻoku hangatonu ki he feituʻu ko ia. Ko e founga ko e L = dI / (dS · cos θ), ʻa ia ko e θ ko e tuliki ia ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e feituʻu ʻoku sio ai mo e angamaheni (hangatonu) ki he funga. Ki ha funga maama lafalafa, hange ko ha LED chip pe ko ha fakaʻilonga ʻoku mama, vakai hangatonu ki ai (θ=0°), ʻoku fakafaingofuaʻi ʻa e founga ki he L = I / dS. Ko e maama ʻa e meʻa ʻoku fakatokangaʻi moʻoni ʻe hotau mata. ʻOku maama maʻolunga ʻa e laʻipepa hinehina ʻi lalo ʻi ha maama ngingila ; ʻoku siʻisiʻi ʻa e maama ʻo e pepa tatau pe ʻi ha loki fakapoʻuli. ʻI he ngaahi polokalama LED, ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻa e luminance ki hono fakafuofuaʻi ʻo e glare (ko ha maʻuʻanga maama maʻolunga ʻaupito ʻi he malaʻe ʻo e vakai) pea mo hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali mo e ngaahi fakaʻilonga. ʻI hono siviʻi ʻo e chip mo fakafuofuaʻi ʻa e malu ʻo e LED radiation, ʻoku faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi founga fakaʻata, ʻa ia ʻoku fua ai ʻe he meʻafaitaa ʻa e maama ʻi he funga ʻo e chip ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu mafana mo fakapapauʻi ʻoku faitatau ʻa e ngaue.

Ko e ha ʻa e maama pea ʻoku fikaʻi fefe ia?

Mahalo ko e maama ʻa e meʻafua ʻaonga taha mo angamaheni taha ʻi he palani ʻo e mama. ʻOku ne fua ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku to ki ha fukahi feituʻu. ʻI hono fakalea mahinongofua, ʻoku ne talaatu ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku to ʻi ho tesi, ʻi he faliki ʻo ha fale tukuʻanga koloa, pe ʻi ha malaʻe ʻakapulu. Ko e "ola fakaʻosi" ia ʻo e polokalama mama mei he tafaʻaki ʻo e meʻa pe ngaue ʻoku fakamaama. Ko e ʻiuniti ʻo e maama ko e lux (lx). ʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻa e lux ʻe taha ko e lumen ʻe taha ki he sikuea mita (1 lx = 1 lm/m²). Ko e founga ki he maama (E) ko e E = dΦ / dS, ʻa ia ko e dΦ ko e maama ia ʻoku hoko ʻi ha kiʻi ʻelemeniti siʻisiʻi ʻo e ʻelia dS. ʻOku makatuʻunga ʻa e maama ʻi ha ngaahi meʻa lahi: ko e malohi ʻo e maʻuʻanga mama, ko e mamaʻo mei he maʻuʻanga mama ki he funga, pea mo e tuliki ʻoku tau ai ʻa e mama ki he funga. ʻOku muimui ia ʻi he fono ʻo e tapafa ʻoku ʻi ai, ʻa ia ko hono ʻuhinga kapau te ke liunga ua ʻa e mamaʻo mei he maʻuʻanga mama, ʻe holo ʻa e maama ki he vahe fa ʻe taha ʻo hono ʻuluaki mahuʻinga. ʻOku toe uesia foki ia ʻe he cosine ʻo e tuliki ʻo e hoko; ʻOku siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e maama ʻoku tau ʻi ha funga feituʻu ʻi ha tuliki tikili ʻe 45 ʻi he maama ʻoku tau hangatonu ki ai. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe lava ke ʻomi ʻe he maama laukonga ʻa e 500 lux ʻi ha tohi, lolotonga ia ko ha ʻofisi maama lelei ʻe lava ke ʻi ai ha lux ʻe 300-500 ʻi he ngaahi tesi. ʻE ala fie maʻu ʻe ha maama maluʻi ke ʻomi ha lux ʻe 50 ʻi he kelekele, lolotonga ia ʻoku fie maʻu ʻe ha malaʻe vaʻinga ʻakapulu fakapalofesinale ʻa e lux ʻe 1500-2000 ki he fakamafola. Ko e maama ko e meʻafua mahuʻinga ia ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga mo e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ʻo e mama ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku feʻunga ʻa e maama ki he malu mo e fakahoko ʻo e ngaue. ʻOku fua ia ʻi hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo ha meʻafua mama, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi ai ha sensor kuo fakatonutonu ʻe he cosine ke maʻu totonu ʻa e maama ʻoku to ʻi ha vakapuna.

ʻOku fekauʻaki fefe ʻa e ngaahi fua ko ʻeni ʻe faa?

Ko e ki ki he taukei ʻi he palani ʻo e mama ko e mahino ʻa e fekauʻaki ʻa e maama flux, intensity, maama mo e luminance. ʻOku ʻikai ko ha ngaahi fakakaukau tauʻataina kinautolu ka ko ha ngaahi fakakaukau kehekehe ki he maama tatau. Ko e maama (lumens) ko e kamataʻanga fakakatoa ia—ko e maama fakakatoa ʻoku tuku mai ʻe he maʻuʻanga tokoni. ʻOku tufaki leva ʻa e flux ko ʻeni ʻi he vavaa. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻa e tufakiʻanga naunau ʻe he maama malohi (candela) ʻi he tafaʻaki kotoa pe. Ko e fakatata ʻo e malohi ʻo e polar ko ha founga fakakalafi ia ʻo hono fakahaaʻi ʻo e tufakiʻanga naunau ko ʻeni. ʻI he taimi ʻoku fononga ai ʻa e maama tufaki ko ʻeni ʻi he vavaa pea faifai pea to ki ha funga, ʻoku tau fua ʻa e ola ko e maama (lux) ʻi he funga ko ia. ʻOku fua ʻe ha meʻafua ʻo e maama ʻoku fokotuʻu ʻi ha tesi ʻa e maama. Fakaʻosi, ʻi he taimi ʻoku ulo mai ai ʻa e maama ko ia ki he mata ʻo e tokotaha ʻoku mamata ki ai, ko e "ngingila" ʻo e fukahi ko hono maama (cd/m²). ʻOku toe fua foki ʻe he meʻafua ʻo e maama ha faʻahinga maama ʻo e mama. ʻOku hanga ʻe ha sipinga faingofua ʻo fakatahaʻi kotoa ia: ʻE lava ke maʻu ʻe ha maama LED ʻe 5000 lumen (flux) ʻa e malohi ʻo e 10,000 candela ʻi hono fuʻu ʻakau lotoloto. Kapau ʻoku fakataumuʻa ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau ko ia ki ha holisi mita ʻe 10 hono mamaʻo, ko e maama ʻi lotomalie ʻo e fuʻu ʻakau ko ia ʻi he holisi ʻe lava ke 100 lux. Kapau ʻoku vali hinehina ʻa e holisi ko ia pea ʻoku ʻi ai ha reflectivity maʻolunga, ʻe lava ke 30 cd/m² hono luminance, ʻo ha ngingila ki ha taha ʻoku mamata ki ai. Kapau ʻoku vali ʻuliʻuli ʻa e holisi, ʻe lava pe ke 3 cd/m² ʻa e maama ʻo e holisi, ʻo ha fakapoʻuli, neongo ʻoku tatau pe ʻa e maama ʻi he holisi ko e 100 lux. ʻOku ngaue ʻa e ngaahi meʻafua ko ʻeni ʻe fa ʻi ha seini, mei he maʻuʻanga tokoni (flux, intensity) ki he ola ʻi he funga (illuminance, luminance), ʻo ʻomi ha lea kakato ki hono fakamatalaʻi mo fakaʻenisinia ʻo e mama.

Ngaahi Fehuʻi ʻOku Faʻa ʻEke Fekauʻaki mo e Fikaʻi ʻo e Maama ʻo e LED

Ko e ha ʻa e faikehekehe ʻo e lumens mo e lux?

Ko ha meʻa angamaheni ʻeni ʻo e puputuʻu. Lumens (lm) fua ʻa e lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku tuku mai ʻe ha maʻuʻanga tokoni. ʻOku fua ʻe he Lux (lx) ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ko ia ʻoku to ʻi ha funga. Fakakaukau ki ai ʻo hange ko e ʻuha: ko e lumens ko e lahi fakakatoa ia ʻo e ʻuha ʻoku to mei ha ʻao, lolotonga ia ko e lux ko e loloto ia ʻo e anoano ʻi ho hala. ʻE maʻu ʻe ha kasa lumen ʻe 1000 ha lux maʻolunga ange ʻi ha holisi ofi mai ʻi ha maama ʻaofi ʻe 1000, koeʻuhi he ʻoku fakatefito ʻa e maama ʻo e kasa ʻi ha feituʻu siʻisiʻi ange.

ʻE founga fefe haʻaku fikaʻi ʻa e maama mei ha maama LED ʻi ha mamaʻo pau?

Ki ha maʻuʻanga poini, ʻe lava ke fai ha fakafuofua ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e lao ʻo e tapafa ʻoku maliliu. ʻOku ke fie maʻu ʻa e maama malohi (ʻi he candela) ʻi he feituʻu ʻo e funga. Ko e maama (E) ʻoku fakafuofua ki he malohi (I) vahevahe ʻaki ʻa e mamaʻo (d) sikuea: E = I / d². Neongo ia, ki he ngaahi naunau LED moʻoni mo e ngaahi tuliki pau ʻo e beam, ʻoku faingataʻa ange. Ko e founga totonu taha ko hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e polokalama fakakomipiuta ki hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e maama ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi faile fakamatala photometric ke fikaʻi ʻaki ʻa e maama ʻi ha feituʻu.

Ko e fe ʻi he ngaahi meʻafua ʻe fa ʻoku mahuʻinga taha ki hono fakatau ʻo ha maama tesi?

Ki ha maama tesi, ko e maama ʻa e meʻafua ʻaonga taha. ʻOku ke fie ʻilo pe ko e ha e lahi ʻo e maama (ʻi he lux) ʻe to ki hoʻo ngaue. Neongo ia, koeʻuhi ʻoku ʻikai ke ʻomi maʻu pe ʻe he ngaahi kautaha faʻu ʻa e fakamatala ʻo e maama ki ha ngaahi mamaʻo pau, ko e fakakatoa ʻo e maama (lumens) ko ha kamataʻanga lelei ia. ʻOku faʻa feʻunga pe ha maama ʻoku 400-800 lumens ki ha tesi. ʻOku totonu foki ke ke fakakaukauʻi ʻa e tuliki ʻo e beam ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku ne fakatefito ʻa e mama ʻi hoʻo ngaue ʻo ʻikai fakatupu ha maama (maama totuʻa) ʻi ho mata.