Te Mārama ki ngā Pou e Whā o te Inenga Tīahoaho LED

Ina kōrero mātou mō te "tīahoaho" o te rama LED, he rite tonu te whakamahi i tētahi kupu wairangi e rerekē ana te tikanga i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē. Ko te katoa o te rama e ringihia ana i te pūrama? Ko te kaha o te kurupae e arotahi ana ki tētahi wāhi motuhake? Ko te taumata mārama rānei i runga i tō tēpu, i tētahi papa whutupōro rānei? Mō ngā kaihoahoa rama, ngā kaipūkaha, me ngā kaipūtā, ehara ēnei rerekētanga i te mea noa; he tino taketake rātau. Kia tika ai te whakaahua, te whakataurite, me te hoatu i te rama LED, e whakawhirinaki ana mātou ki ngā rahinga whakaahua e whā: te rerenga mārama, te kaha o te mārama, te tīahoaho (māramatanga), me te māramatanga. Ka whakarato ia ine i tētahi wāhanga rerekē o te panga, e whakautu ana i tētahi pātai rerekē mō te mahinga o te rama. E kī mai ana te rerenga mārama ki a mātau te huaputa katoa, ka kī mai te kaha mārama ki a mātau te hiko aronga, ka kī mai te mārama he aha ngā whenua ki runga i te mata, ā, ka kī mai te tīahoaho ki a tātau he pēhea te āhua o te mata. He mea nui te whakahaere i ēnei ariā e whā mō te tangata e pā ana ki te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha rama, mai i tētahi rama tēpu māmā ki tētahi tāutanga taiwhanga matatini. Mā tēnei aratohu e whakawātea i ia o ēnei tikanga tātai tīahoaho LED e whā, e whakarato ana i ngā whakamāramatanga mārama, ngā tātai, ngā wae, me ngā tauira ā-ringa o tō rātou taupānga.

He aha te rerenga mārama, ā, he pēhea te tatau?

Ko te rerenga mārama te ngahuru tūāpapa o te huaputa mārama. Ka inea e ia te tapeke o te rama ari e whakaputaina ana e tētahi pūtake mō ia wae wā. Whakaarohia ko te katoa o te "rerenga" o te mārama mai i te rama, ahakoa te ahunga e haere ana. He mehua tēnei o te huaputa mārama katoa, nā reira ko te tohu tino hāngai o te kaha katoa o te pūtake mārama ki te whakaputa i te mārama. Ko te wae o te rerenga mārama ko te lumen (lm). Ina hoko koe i tētahi pūrama LED ka kite i te tapanga hei "800 lumens," koinei te rerenga mārama—te katoa o te mārama e whakaputaina ana e te pūrama ki ngā ahunga katoa. Heoi anō, he matatini ake te tatauranga o te rerenga mārama i te āhua nei, nā te mea kāore te whatu tangata e kite ōrite ana i ngā roangaru katoa o te mārama. He tino tairongo mātou ki te rama kākāriki-kōwhai huri noa i te 555 nm, ā, he iti iho te tairongo ki te mārama whero, kikorangi rānei. Nō reira, he inenga taumaha te rerenga mārama. Ka tātaitia mā te tango i te hiko tūturu (te pūngao ōkiko) o te pūtake mārama i ia roangaru, ā, ka whakareatia mā tētahi āhuatanga e tohu ana i te tairongotanga o te whatu ki taua roangaru. E mōhiotia ana tēnei āhuatanga ko te tōtika mārama tūāwhiorangi pātahi, e tohua ana hei V(λ). Ko te tātai tika mō te rerenga mārama (Φ) ko: Φ = Km ∫ Φ(λ) · V(λ) dλ, kei reira ko Φ(λ) te rerenga tūāwhiorangi, ko V(λ) te tōtika mārama tūāwhiorangi, ā, ko te Km he taimau (683 lm/W) e tohu ana i te mōrahi o te mahinga mārama i te roangaru tairongotanga teitei o te 555 nm. Ko te tikanga, ko tēnei tātai pāngarau e huri ana i te hiko ōkiko taketake hei inenga o te tīahoaho e kitea ana e te pūnaha arokite tangata.

He aha te kaha o te mārama, ā, he pēhea te rerekē i te rerekētanga?

Ahakoa e kī mai ana te rerenga mārama ki a mātau te katoa o te huaputa mārama, kāore e kī mai me pēhea te tuari o taua mārama. Tērā pea he rama 1000 lumen he rama kore e rehu ana i ngā wāhi katoa, he rama arotahi rānei ki ngā wāhi katoa. Ko te kaha mārama te ngahuru e whakaahua ana i te whakamōhiotanga o te mārama ki tētahi ahunga motuhake. Kua tautuhia hei nui o te rerenga mārama e whakaputaina ana e tētahi pūtake mō ia wae koki mārō ki tētahi ahunga kua tukuna. Ko te koki mārō he koki ahu-toru, e inetia ana i roto i ngā steradians (sr), e whakaahua ana i te "koeko" o te mārama e hora atu ana i tētahi wāhi. Whakaarohia he rama: e 300 lumens pea te tapeke o tōna rerenga mārama, engari he tino tiketike tōna kaha mārama i te kurupae matua nā te mea kua whakawhāititia aua 300 lumens ki roto i tētahi koeko whāiti. Ko te wae o te kaha mārama ko te candela (cd). Kotahi te candela e tautuhia ana hei lumen kotahi mō ia steradian (1 cd = 1 lm/sr). He āhuahanga te pātahitanga i waenganui i te rerenga me te kaha. Mēnā he pūtake mārama tāu e whakaputa ōrite ana i tōna rerenga ki ngā ahunga katoa (he pūtake isotropic), ka taea e koe te tātai i tōna kaha mā te wehe i te rerenga katoa ki te koki mārō katoa o tētahi porowhita, arā, ko te 4π steradians. Hei tauira, ko te pūtake isotropic 1000-lumen ka kaha te kaha o te 1000 lm / 4π sr ≈ 79.6 cd ahakoa te ahunga. Ko te mea pono, ko te nuinga o ngā pūtake LED ehara i te isotropic. He rerekē te kaha ki te ahunga. Ko te tapeke o te kaha ki ngā ahunga katoa, ka whakaurua ki runga i te hurihanga katoa, ka whakahokia koe ki te rerenga mārama katoa. Ko te kaha mārama te ngahuru matua mō te mārama me te hoahoa i ngā koki kurupae, ngā whakaata, me ngā arotahi.

He aha te tīahoaho (luminance) me pēhea te ine?

Ko te tīahoaho, i roto i ngā tikanga hangarau, e kīia ana ko te māramatanga. Ahakoa he rite tonu te whakamahinga i roto i te kōrerorero, he whakamāramatanga pūtaiao pū tō te luminance. Ko te mehua o te nui o te mārama e whakaputaina ana, e tukua ana, e whakaata ana rānei mai i tētahi mata ki tētahi ahunga kua tukuna. Ki tētahi atu kupu, ka ine i te āhua o te "tīahoaho" o te mata ki tētahi kaitirotiro e titiro ana mai i tētahi koki motuhake. He rerekētanga nui tēnei i te māramatanga, e ine ana i te mārama e taka ana ki runga i te mata. Ka inea e te māramatanga te mārama e puta atu ana i taua mata (i tētahi pūtake mārama rānei) ka haere ki te whatu. Ko te wae o te luminance ko te candela mō ia mita tapawhā (cd/m²), e kīia ana hoki he "nit." Ko te whakamāramatanga ōkawa ko te kaha mārama (I) i whakaputaina e tētahi huānga mata (dS) ki tētahi ahunga i tukuna, ka wehea e te horahanga o taua huānga mata e whakaata ana ki tētahi rererangi e hāngai ana ki taua ahunga. Ko te tātai ko L = dI / (dS · cos θ), kei reira ko te θ te koki i waenga i te aronga tirohanga me te pūnoa (hāngai) ki te mata. Mō tētahi mata whakaputa mārama papatahi, pēnei i te maramara LED, i tētahi tohu rama rānei, ka tirohia hāngai ki (θ=0°), ka whakangāwari te tātai ki L = I / dS. Ko te māramatanga te mea e kitea ana e o tātau kanohi. He tiketike te mārama o te pepa mā i raro i te rama kanapa; He iti te māramatanga o te pepa kotahi i roto i te rūma pouri. I roto i ngā taupānga LED, he tino nui te luminance mō te aromatawai i te wherikotanga (he pūtake mārama tino tiketike i te āpure tirohanga) me te hoahoa i ngā whakaaturanga me ngā tohu. I roto i te whakamātau maramara me te arotake i te haumarutanga o te pūwhitiwhiti LED, ka whakamahia ngā tikanga atahanga, e ine ai te pūnaha kāmera i te māramatanga puta noa i te mata o te maramara hei tāutu i ngā wāhiwera me te whakarite i te mahinga ōrite.

He aha te whakamāramatanga me te pēhea e tātaitia ai?

Ko te whakamāramatanga pea te ngahuru tino māia, e tohutoro nuitia ana i roto i te hoahoa rama. Ka inea e ia te nui o te rerenga mārama e taka ana ki tētahi wāhi mata. I roto i ngā kupu ngāwari, ka kī atu ki a koe te nui o te mārama e tau ana ki tō tēpu, ki te papa o te whare putunga, ki tētahi papa whutupōro rānei. Ko te "hua whakamutunga" o te pūnaha tīramarama mai i te tirohanga o te ahanoa, tūmahi rānei i whakamāramatia. Ko te wae o te whakamāramatanga ko te lux (lx). Kotahi te lux e tautuhia ana hei kotahi lumen mō ia mita tapawhā (1 lx = 1 lm/m²). Ko te tātai mō te whakamāramatanga (E) ko E = dΦ / dS, kei reira te dΦ ko te takanga rerenga mārama i runga i tētahi huānga mata iti o te horahanga dS. E whakawhirinaki ana te whakamāramatanga ki ngā take maha: te kaha o te pūtake mārama, te tawhiti mai i te pūtake ki te mata, me te koki e tuki ai te rama ki te mata. E whai ana i te ture tapawhā-kōaro, ko te tikanga mēnā ka tāruatia e koe te tawhiti mai i te pūtake mārama, ka heke te whakamāramatanga ki te hauwhā o tōna uara taketake. Ka pāngia hoki e te whenu o te koki o te putanga; Ko te mārama e tūtuki ana i te mata i te koki 45 waeine, he iti iho te mārama i te mārama e tūtuki hāngai ana. Hei tauira, ka whakarato pea te rama pānui i te 500 lux i runga i te pukapuka, ā, ko te tari mārama e 300-500 lux pea i runga i ngā tēpu. Tērā pea me whakarato e te rama haumarutanga te 50 lux i runga i te whenua, ā, e hiahiatia ana e tētahi taiwhanga whutupōro ngaio te 1500-2000 lux mō te pāohotanga. Ko te whakamāramatanga te ngahuru matua e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā paerewa tīramarama me ngā ture hei whakarite i te mārama tika mō te haumarutanga me te mahinga tūmahi. Ka inetia mā te whakamahi i tētahi ine mārama, he pūoko whakatika-whenu hei hopu tika i te mārama e taka ana ki runga i te waka rererangi.

He pēhea te pānga o ēnei inenga e whā ki a rāua anō?

Ko te mārama ki ngā pātahitanga i waenga i te rerenga mārama, te kaha o te mārama, te māramatanga, me te māramatanga he kī ki te mātauranga i te hoahoa rama. Ehara rātau i te ariā takitahi, engari he rerekē ngā tirohanga ki te tītohunga ōrite o te mārama. Ko te rerenga mārama (lumens) te pūwāhi tīmatanga katoa—te katoa o te mārama e whakaputaina ana e te pūtake. Kātahi ka tuaritia tēnei rerenga ki te mokowā. Ka whakaahuatia te tuari e te kaha mārama (candela) ki ia ahunga. Ko te hoahoa kaha pākākā he tikanga whakairoiro hei whakaatu i tēnei tuaritanga. Ina haere tēnei mārama tuari i roto i te mokowā, ā, kātahi anō ka tau ki runga i tētahi mata, ka inea e tātau te hua hei whakamāramatanga (lux) i taua mata. Ko te mita mārama e purua ana ki runga i te tēpu e ine ana i te māramatanga. Ka mutu, ina whakaata taua mata mārama i ētahi o taua mārama ki te whatu o te kaimātakitaki, ko te "tīahoaho" o te mata ko tōna māramatanga (cd/m²). Ka inea hoki e te ine mārama o te kāmera tētahi momo māramatanga. Ko tētahi tauira ngāwari e here ana i te katoa: Tērā pea he kaha teitei o te 10,000 candela i roto i tōna kurupae matua o te rama waipuke LED 5000 lumen (flux). Mēnā e whāia ana taua kurupae ki tētahi pakitara e 10 mita te mamao, ko te māramatanga i waenganui o taua kurupae i runga i te pakitara he 100 lux pea. Mēnā he mā te peita o taua pakitara, ā, he nui te whakaata, ka 30 cd/m² pea tōna māramatanga, e mārama ana ki te kaimātakitaki. Mēnā kua peitatia te pakitara ki te pango, e 3 cd/m² anake pea tōna māramatanga, e pouri ana, ahakoa he ōrite te mārama o te pakitara ki te 100 lux. Ka mahi ēnei ine e whā i roto i tētahi mekameka, mai i te pūtake (rererangi, kaha) ki te pānga ki ngā mata (māramatanga, māramatanga), e whakarato ana i tētahi reo katoa mō te whakaahua me te pūkaha mārama.

Ngā pātai auau mō ngā tatauranga tīahoaho LED

He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā lumens me te lux?

He wāhi noa iho tēnei o te pōrarutanga. Ko ngā lumen (lm) e ine ana i te katoa o te mārama e whakaputaina ana e tētahi pūtake. Ka inea e Lux (lx) te nui o taua mārama e tau ana ki runga i te mata. Whakaarohia pēnei i te marangai: ko te lumens te katoa o te ua e taka mai ana i te kapua, engari ko te lux te hōhonutanga o te puddle i tō huarahi. Ka puta mai i te rama hiko 1000 lumen he pānui lux teitei ake i runga i tētahi pakitara pātata i te rama tuanui 1000 lumen, nā te mea kua whakawhāititia te rama o te rama ki tētahi wāhi iti iho.

Me pēhea taku tātai i te mārama mai i tētahi rama LED i tētahi tawhiti?

Mō tētahi pūtake ira, ka taea te whakatau tata mā te whakamahi i te ture tapawhā-kōaro. E hiahiatia ana e koe te kaha mārama (i roto i te candela) ki te ahunga o te mata. Ko te whakamāramatanga (E) e āhua ana ki te kaha (I) e wehea ana e te tawhiti (d) tapawhā: E = I / d². Heoi anō, mō ngā taputapu LED tūturu me ngā koki kurupae tauwhāiti, he matatini ake. Ko te tikanga tino tika ko te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa hoahoa tīramarama e whakamahi ana i ngā kōnae raraunga whakaahua hei tātai i te mārama puta noa i tētahi rohe, e kaute ana i te hanga kurupae me ngā maunga maha.

Ko tēhea o ngā ine e whā e tino hira ana mō te hoko rama papamahi?

Mō te rama tēpu, ko te whakamāramatanga te ine tino māia. E hiahia ana koe ki te mōhio e hia te nui o te mārama (i roto i te lux) ka tau ki tō mata mahi. Heoi anō, i te mea kāore ngā kaiwhakanao e whakarato i ngā raraunga whakamārama mō ngā tawhiti tauwhāiti, he wāhi tīmatanga pai te katoa o te rerenga mārama (lumens). Ko te tikanga ka rawaka te rama 400-800 lumens mo te tēpu. Me whakaaro hoki koe ki te koki kurupae kia tino mōhio ai ka arotahi te mārama ki ō mahi me te kore e wherikotanga (nui rawa te māramatanga) i ō whatu.