Te Mārama ki ngā Pou e Whā o te Inenga Tīahoaho LED

Ina kōrero mātou mō te "tīahoaho" o te rama LED, he rite tonu te whakamahi i tētahi kupu noa iho e rerekē ana te tikanga o ngā mea rerekē i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē. Ko te katoa o te mārama e ringihia ana i te pūrama? Ko te kaha o te kurupae e arotahi ana ki tētahi wāhi motuhake? Ko te taumata whakamārama rānei i runga i tō tēpu, i tētahi papa whutupōro rānei? Mō ngā kaihoahoa rama, ngā kaipūkaha, me ngā kaitauwhāiti, ehara ēnei rerekētanga i te mea noa iho; he tino taketake. Hei whakaahua tika, whakataurite, me te hoatu i te tīramarama LED, e whakawhirinaki ana mātou ki ngā rahinga whakaahua e whā: te rerenga mārama, te kaha o te mārama, te tīahoaho (luminance), me te māramatanga. Ka whakarato ia ine i tētahi wāhanga rerekē o te panga, e whakautu ana i tētahi pātai rerekē mō te mahinga o te mārama. E kī mai ana te rerenga mārama i te katoa o te huaputa, e kī mai ana te kaha o te mārama ki a tātau te hiko aronga, e kī mai ana te mārama he aha te tau ki runga i tētahi mata, ā, ka kī mai te tīahoaho me pēhea te putanga o te mata. He mea nui te mātauranga i ēnei ariā e whā mō ngā tāngata katoa e hoahoa ana i ngā pūnaha rama, mai i tētahi rama tēpu ngāwari ki tētahi tāutanga taiwhanga matatini. Mā tēnei aratohu e whakawātea i ia o ēnei tikanga tātai tīahoaho LED e whā, e whakarato ana i ngā whakamāramatanga mārama, ngā tātai, ngā wae, me ngā tauira ā-ringa o tō rātou taupānga.

He aha te rerenga mārama, ā, me pēhea te tatau?

Ko te rerenga mārama te ngahuru tūāpapa o te huaputa mārama. Ka inetia te tapeke o te mārama e kitea ana e tētahi pūtake mō ia wae wā. Whakaarohia ko te katoa o te "rerenga" o te mārama mai i te rama, ahakoa te ahunga e haere ana. He mehua tēnei o te katoa o te huaputa mārama, nā reira ko te tohu tino hāngai o te kaha katoa o te pūtake mārama ki te whakaputa mārama. Ko te wae o te rerenga mārama ko te lumen (lm). Ina hoko koe i tētahi pūrama LED ka kite i tapaina hei "800 lumens," koinei te rerenga mārama—te katoa o te mārama e whakaputaina ana e te pūrama ki ngā ahunga katoa. Heoi anō, he matatini ake te tatauranga o te rerenga mārama i te āhua nei, nā te mea kāore te whatu tangata e kite ōrite ana i ngā roangaru katoa o te mārama. He tino tairongo mātou ki te rama kākāriki-kōwhai huri noa i te 555 nm, ā, he iti iho te tairongo ki te rama whero, kikorangi rānei. Nō reira, he inenga taumaha te rerenga mārama. Ka tātaitia mā te tango i te hiko tīaho tūturu (te pūngao ōkiko) o te pūtake mārama i ia roangaru me te whakarea mā tētahi āhuatanga e tohu ana i te tairongotanga o te whatu ki taua roangaru. E mōhiotia ana tēnei āhuatanga ko te tōtika tūāwhiowhio pātahi, e kīia ana ko V(λ). Ko te tātai ōkawa mō te rerenga mārama (Φ) ko: Φ = Km ∫ Φ(λ) · V(λ) dλ, kei reira ko Φ(λ) te rerenga wherikotanga tūāwhiorangi, ko V(λ) te tōtika mārama tūāwhiorangi pātahi, ā, ko te Km he taimau (683 lm/W) e tohu ana i te mōrahi o te mahinga mārama i te roangaru tairongotanga teitei o te 555 nm. Ko te tikanga, ka huri pāngarau tēnei tātai i te hiko ōkiko taketake hei inenga o te tīahoaho e kitea ana e te pūnaha arokite tangata.

He aha te kaha o te mārama, ā, he pēhea te rerekētanga i te rerekētanga?

Ahakoa e kī mai ana te rerenga mārama i te katoa o te putanga mārama, kāore e kōrero mai me pēhea te tuari o taua mārama. Ko te rama 1000-lumen pea he pūrama e rehu ana i ngā wāhi katoa, he rama arotahi rānei. Ko te kaha mārama te ngahuru e whakaahua ana i te whakamōhiotanga o te mārama ki tētahi ahunga motuhake. Kua tautuhia hei nui o te rerenga mārama e whakaputaina ana e tētahi pūtake mō ia koki mārō ki tētahi aronga. Ko te koki mārō he koki ahu-toru, e inetia ana i roto i ngā steradians (sr), e whakaahua ana i te "koeko" o te mārama e hora ana mai i tētahi wāhi. Whakaarohia he rama: ko tōna rerenga mārama pea e 300 lumens te tapeke, engari he tino tiketike tōna kaha mārama i te kurupae matua nā te mea kua whakawhāititia aua 300 lumens ki roto i tētahi koeko whāiti. Ko te wae kaha mārama ko te candela (cd). Kotahi te candela e tautuhia ana hei kotahi lumen mō ia steradian (1 cd = 1 lm/sr). He āhuahanga te pātahitanga i waenganui i te rerenga me te kaha. Mēnā he pūtake mārama tāu e whakaputa ōrite ana i tōna rerenga ki ngā ahunga katoa (he pūtake isotropic), ka taea e koe te tātai tōna kaha mā te wehe i te rerenga katoa ki te koki mārō katoa o tētahi porowhita, arā, ko te 4π steradians. Hei tauira, ko te pūtake isotropic 1000-lumen ka kaha te kaha o te 1000 lm / 4π sr ≈ 79.6 cd ki tētahi ahunga. Ko te mea pono, ko te nuinga o ngā pūtake LED ehara i te isotropic. He rerekē te kaha ki te ahunga. Ko te tapeke o te kaha i ngā ahunga katoa, ka whakaurua ki runga i te ao katoa, ka whakahokia koe ki te katoa o te rerenga mārama. Ko te kaha mārama te ngahuru matua mō te mārama me te hoahoa i ngā koki kurupae, ngā whakaata, me ngā arotahi.

He aha te tīahoaho (luminance) me pēhea te ine?

Ko te tīahoaho, i roto i ngā kupu hangarau, e kīia ana ko te māramatanga. Ahakoa he rite tonu te whakamahinga i roto i te kōrerorero, he tikanga pūtaiao pū tō te luminance. Ko te ine o te nui o te mārama e whakaputaina ana, e tukua ana, e whakaata ana rānei mai i tētahi mata ki tētahi aronga. Ki tētahi atu kupu, ka inetia te āhua o te "tīahoaho" o te mata ki tētahi kaimātakitaki e titiro ana mai i tētahi koki motuhake. He rerekētanga nui tēnei i te māramatanga, e ine ana i te mārama e taka ana ki runga i te mata. Ka inea e te luminance te mārama e puta ana i taua mata (i tētahi pūtake mārama rānei) ka haere ki te whatu. Ko te wae o te luminance ko te candela mō ia mita tapawhā (cd/m²), e kīia ana hoki he "nit." Ko te whakamāramatanga ōkawa ko te kaha mārama (I) e whakaputaina ana e tētahi huānga mata (dS) ki tētahi ahunga kua tukuna, ka wehea e te horahanga o taua huānga mata e whakaaturia ana ki tētahi rererangi e hāngai ana ki taua ahunga. Ko te tātai ko L = dI / (dS · cos θ), kei reira ko θ te koki i waenga i te aronga tirohanga me te pūnoa (hāngai) ki te mata. Mō tētahi mata whakaputa mārama papatahi, pēnei i te maramara LED, i te tohu mārama rānei, ka tirohia hāngai ki te (θ=0°), ka ngāwari te tātai ki te L = I / dS. Ko te māramatanga te mea e kitea ana e o tātau whatu. He tiketike te mārama o te pepa mā i raro i te rama kanapa; He iti te mārama o te pepa kotahi i roto i te rūma pouri. I roto i ngā taupānga LED, he tino nui te luminance mō te aromatawai i te wherikotanga (he pūtake luminance tino tiketike i te āpure tirohanga) me te hoahoa i ngā whakaaturanga me ngā tohu. I roto i te whakamātautau rīpene me te arotake i te haumarutanga o te hihi LED, ka whakamahia ngā tikanga atahanga, e ine ai te pūnaha kāmera i te māramatanga puta noa i te mata o te maramara hei tāutu i ngā wāhiwera me te whakarite i te mahinga ōrite.

He aha te mārama, ā, he pēhea te tatau?

Ko te whakamāramatanga pea te ngahuru tino māmā, ā, i tohutorotia nuitia i roto i te hoahoa tīrama. Ka inea e ia te nui o te rerenga mārama e taka ana ki tētahi horahanga mata. I roto i ngā kupu ngāwari, ka kī atu ki a koe te nui o te mārama e tau ana ki tō tēpu, ki te papa o te whare putunga, ki te papa whutupōro rānei. Ko te "hua whakamutunga" o te pūnaha tīramarama mai i te tirohanga o te ahanoa, tūmahi rānei i whakamāramatia. Ko te wae o te whakamāramatanga ko te lux (lx). Kotahi lux e tautuhia ana hei kotahi lumen mō ia mita tapawhā (1 lx = 1 lm/m²). Ko te tātai mō te whakamāramatanga (E) ko E = dΦ / dS, kei reira ko te dΦ te rerenga mārama e pā ana ki tētahi huānga mata iti o te horahanga dS. He maha ngā take e whakawhirinaki ana te mārama: te kaha o te pūtake mārama, te tawhiti mai i te pūtake ki te mata, me te koki e pā ai te mārama ki te mata. E whai ana i te ture tapawhā-kōaro, ko te tikanga mēnā ka tāruatia e koe te tawhiti mai i te pūtake mārama, ka heke te mārama ki te hauwhā o tōna uara taketake. Ka pāngia hoki e te kōpū o te koki o te putanga; He iti iho te mārama e tūtuki ana i tētahi mata i te koki 45 waeine i te mārama e tūtuki hāngai ana. Hei tauira, ka whakarato pea te rama pānui i te 500 lux i runga i te pukapuka, ā, ko te tari mārama e 300-500 lux pea i runga i ngā tēpu. Tērā pea me whakarato te rama haumarutanga i te 50 lux i runga i te whenua, ā, e hiahiatia ana e tētahi taiwhanga whutupōro ngaio te 1500-2000 lux mō te pāohotanga. Ko te māramatanga te ngahuru matua e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā paerewa tīramarama me ngā ture hei whakarite i te mārama tika mō te haumarutanga me te mahinga tūmahi. Ka inea mā te whakamahi i tētahi mita mārama, he pūoko whakatika-whenu hei hopu tika i te mārama e taka ana ki runga i te rererangi.

He pēhea te pānga o ēnei inenga e whā ki a rātou?

Ko te mārama ki ngā pātahitanga i waenga i te rerenga mārama, te kaha o te mārama, te mārama, me te māramatanga he kī ki te mātau i te hoahoa tīrama. Ehara rātou i te ariā takitahi, engari he rerekē ngā tirohanga ki te tītohunga ōrite o te mārama. Ko te rerenga mārama (lumens) te pūwāhi tīmatanga katoa—te katoa o te mārama e whakaputaina ana e te pūtake. Kātahi ka tuaritia tēnei rerenga ki te mokowā. E whakaahuatia ana te tuari e te kaha mārama (candela) i ia ahunga. Ko te hoahoa kaha pātata he tikanga whakairoiro hei whakaatu i tēnei tuaritanga. Ina haere tēnei mārama tuari puta noa i te mokowā, ā, ka tau ki runga i tētahi mata, ka inea e tātau te hua hei mārama (lux) i taua mata. Ko te ine rama e whakatakotoria ana ki runga i te tēpu e ine ana i te māramatanga. Ka mutu, ina whakaata taua mata mārama i ētahi o taua mārama ki te whatu o te kaitirotiro, ko te "tīahoaho" o te mata ko tōna māramatanga (cd/m²). Ka inea hoki e te ine mārama o te kāmera tētahi momo māramatanga. Ko tētahi tauira ngāwari e here tahi ana: Tērā pea ka 10,000 te kaha o te rama waipuke LED 5000 lumen i tōna kurupae matua. Mēnā e hāngai ana taua kurupae ki tētahi pakitara 10 mita te mamao, ko te mārama i waenganui o taua kurupae i runga i te pakitara pea ko te 100 lux. Mēnā he mā te peita o taua pakitara, ā, he nui te whakaata, ko tōna māramatanga pea ko te 30 cd/m², e mārama ana ki te kaimātakitaki. Mēnā ka peitatia te pakitara ki te pango, ko tōna māramatanga pea he 3 cd/m² anake, ka pouri, ahakoa he ōrite te 100 lux o te māramatanga o te pakitara. Ka mahi ēnei ine e whā i roto i tētahi mekameka, mai i te pūtake (flux, intensity) ki te pānga ki ngā mata (illuminance, luminance), e whakarato ana i tētahi reo katoa mō te whakaahua me te pūkaha mārama.

Ngā pātai auau mō ngā tatauranga tīahoaho LED

He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā lumens me te lux?

He wāhi noa iho tēnei o te pōrarutanga. Ka inea e Lumens (lm) te katoa o te mārama i whakaputaina e tētahi pūtake. Ka inea e Lux (lx) te nui o taua rama e tau ana ki runga i te mata. Whakaarohia pēnei i te marangai: ko te lumens te nui o te ua e taka mai ana i te kapua, ā, ko te lux te hōhonutanga o te puddle i tō huarahi. Mā te rama hiko 1000 lumen e whakaputa i tētahi pānui lux teitei ake i runga i tētahi pakitara pātata i te rama tuanui 1000 lumen, nā te mea ka whakawhāititia te rama o te rama ki tētahi wāhi iti iho.

Me pēhea taku tātai i te mārama mai i tētahi rama LED i tētahi tawhiti?

Mō tētahi pūtake ira, ka taea te whakatau tata mā te whakamahi i te ture tapawhā kōaro. E hiahiatia ana e koe te kaha mārama (i roto i te candela) ki te ahunga o te mata. Ko te māramatanga (E) e āhua ana ki te kaha (I) kua wehea ki te tawhiti (d) tapawhā: E = I / d². Heoi anō, mō ngā maunga LED tūturu me ngā koki kurupae tauwhāiti, he matatini ake. Ko te tikanga tino tika ko te whakamahi i te pūmanawa hoahoa rama e whakamahi ana i ngā kōnae raraunga whakaahua hei tātai i te mārama puta noa i tētahi rohe, e kaute ana i te hanga kurupae me ngā maunga maha.

Ko tēhea o ngā ine e whā e tino hira ana mō te hoko rama tēpu?

Mō te rama tēpu, ko te māramatanga te ine tino māia. E hiahia ana koe ki te mōhio e hia te nui o te mārama (i roto i te lux) ka tau ki tō mata mahi. Heoi anō, i te mea kāore ngā kaiwhakanao e whakarato i ngā raraunga whakamārama mō ngā tawhiti tauwhāiti, he wāhi tīmatanga pai te katoa o te rerenga mārama (lumens). Ko te tikanga ka rawaka te rama me te 400-800 lumens mo te tēpu. Me whakaaro hoki koe ki te koki kurupae kia tino mōhio ai ka arotahi te mārama ki tō mahi me te kore wherikotanga (nui rawa te wherikotanga) i ō whatu.