He aha ngā Tiwhikete Haumaru Tiamana i te Mākete Ao Whānui
Mō tētahi kaiwhakanao e hiahia ana ki te kaweake i ngā hua hiko ki Uropi, otirā ki Tiamana, ehara i te mea hira noa iho te mārama ki te whenua o ngā tiwhikete haumaru—he mea nui mō te urunga mākete me te whakawhirinaki kiritaki. He rongonui tūturu a Tiamana mō ngā paerewa kounga me ngā paerewa haumaru, ā, ko ōna tohu tiwhikete e mau ana i te taumahatanga nui ki tua atu i ōna rohe. E rua o ngā tohu tino rongonui, manaaki hoki ko te tohu GS me te tohu VDE. Ahakoa he rite tonu te whakahua tahi, ā, i takea mai rāua i Tiamana, he tiwhikete motuhake me ngā tikanga rerekē, ngā whānuitanga, me ngā turanga ture. Ko te tohu GS he tiwhikete haumaru whānui mō ngā hua whānui, ā, he tauwhāiti ake te tohu VDE ki ngā wae hiko, hiko, me ngā wae whai pānga. Mō ngā kawemai, ngā kawekaweake, me ngā kiritaki, he tohu kaha ēnei tohu kua whakamātauria tētahi hua e tētahi hunga tuatoru takitahi, kūpapa, ā, kua kitea kia tutuki i ngā whakaritenga haumaru pākaha. E tohu ana rātou i tētahi whāinga ki te kounga me te haumaru e taea ai te whakarerekē i tētahi hua i roto i tētahi mākete kōpikopiko. Mā tēnei aratohu e whakamārama te tikanga, te takenga, me te tikanga o ngā tiwhikete GS me VDE, hei āwhina i a koe ki te whakatere i te ao matatini o te whakatikatika hua.
He aha te tiwhikete GS, ā, he aha te tikanga mō tētahi hua?
Ko te tohu GS, e tohu ana mō "Geprüfte Sicherheit" (Tiamana mō te "Haumaru Whakamātauria"), he tohu tiwhikete haumaru tūturu mō Tiamana. E tohu ana kua whakamātauria tētahi hua e tētahi tinana aromatawai hāngai takitahi, kua whakamanatia, ā, ka tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te Ture Haumaru Hua Tiamana (ProdSG) me ngā paerewa Pākehā, ao whānui rānei. He mea nui kia mārama ehara te GS i te tohu whakahau. Ko te whakaritenga whakahau mō ngā hua i hokona i te Uniana o Ūropi ko te tohu CE, he whakapuakitanga whaiaro a te kaiwhakanao. Heoi anō, he whakarerekē kaha te tohu GS. Nā te mea kei roto i te whakamātautau a tētahi hunga tuatoru takitahi, he nui ake te taumata whakaū me te whakawhirinaki i te tohu CE i whakapuakina e ia anō. Mō ngā kiritaki me ngā kaihoko ngaio i Tiamana, puta noa i Uropi, ko te tohu GS he tohu tino mōhiotia, pono hoki o te haumarutanga hua. E ai ki ngā paerewa Pākehā hāngai (EN), i ētahi take rānei, i ngā paerewa mahi Tiamana (DIN). Kei roto i te tukanga he āta tirotiro i te hoahoa, te hanganga, me te tapanga o te hua kia kore ai e mōrearea ki te kaiwhakamahi. Ko ngā arotakenga wheketere auau he wāhanga o te tiwhikete hei whakarite i te kounga o te whakanaotanga haere tonu. Mā tētahi hua e mau ana i te tohu GS e whakawhirinaki ki ngā kiritaki kua manatokona e tētahi tohunga tōna haumarutanga, tērā pea he painga whakataetae nui, otirā mō ngā hua e tino āwangawanga ana te haumarutanga, pēnei i ngā utauta hiko, ngā taputapu kāinga, ngā taonga, me ngā taputapu tīrama.
He aha te rerekētanga o te Tiwhikete GS i te Tohu CE?
Ko te pātahitanga i waenganui i te tohu GS me te tohu CE he wāhi noa iho o te pōrarutanga. Ko te tohu CE he tohu whakahau mō ngā hua i hokona i roto i te Horahanga Ohaoha o Ūropi. Mā te whakapiri i te tohu CE, ka whakapuakina e tētahi kaiwhakanao, i runga i tā rātou ake kawenga, e tutuki ana i tā rātou hua ngā whakaritenga matua katoa o ngā tohutohu me ngā ture Pākehā e hāngai ana (hei tauira, te Tohutohu Ngaohiko Iti mō ngā taputapu hiko). He tukanga whakapuakitanga whaiaro, ā, ahakoa me whai tuhinga hangarau te kaiwhakanao hei tārua i tā rātou kerēme, kāore e pā ana ki te whakamātautau takitahi a te hunga tuatoru. Ko te tohu GS, i tērā taha, he tohu tūturu. E ai ki te ture ā-motu o Tiamana (te Ture Haumaru Hua) ā, ko te mea nui, e hiahiatia ana he tiwhikete e tētahi tinana whakamātautau takitahi, kua whakamanatia (pēnei i te TÜV, VDE, Dekra rānei). Ko tēnei whakaurutanga a te hunga tuatoru te rerekētanga matua. Ko te tohu GS he apa whakaū tāpiri e tua atu ana i te whakapuakitanga a te kaiwhakanao. E kī ana ki te kiritaki, "Ehara i te mea e tutuki ana i tēnei hua ngā whakaritenga ā-ture (CE), engari kua manatokona hoki tōna haumarutanga e tētahi tohunga takitahi (GS)." Nō reira, mō te maha o ngā hua, tērā pea he tohu CE (mō te urunga mākete ā-ture) me tētahi tohu GS (mō te whakarei ake i te whakawhirinakitanga mākete me te whakawhirinaki kiritaki). I te nuinga o te wā e kitea ana te tohu GS hei tiwhikete haumaru mārō i Tiamana, e hanga ana i runga i te tūāpapa o ngā whakaritenga CE.
He aha te tiwhikete VDE me te aha e tohu ana?
Ko te tohu VDE i ahu mai i te VDE Testing and Certification Institute (VDE Prüf- und Zertifizierungsinstitut), e noho ana i Offenbach, Tiamana. E whai wāhi ana tēnei whare wānanga ki te German Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies (VDE), he whakahaere i whakatūria i te tau 1893. Ko te Whare Wānanga VDE tētahi o ngā tinana whakamātautau me te tiwhikete tino manaaki, rongonui hoki mō ngā hua hiko i te ao. I whakatūria i te tau 1920, e mahi ana hei whakahaere kūpapa, takitahi hoki. Ko tōna taumahi matua ko te whakamātau me te whakamana i ngā hua hiko, ngā mōtete, me ngā pūnaha mō te haumarutanga, te hototahitanga ā-hiko (EMC), me ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te tōtika pūngao me te haumarutanga ipurangi. Ko te tohu VDE he kawenata kua whakamātauria tētahi hua e tēnei whare wānanga takitahi, ā, e hāngai ana ki ngā paerewa haumaru e hāngai ana. Ka taea ēnei paerewa te noho hei paerewa ā-motu VDE Tiamana, ngā paerewa EN Ūropi, ngā paerewa IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) rānei. He whānui te whānuitanga o te tiwhikete VDE, e kapi ana i ngā mea katoa mai i ngā puru me ngā taura, ngā pūkaha me ngā panoni, ki ngā pūrere kāinga, ngā pūrere rongoā, me ngā mīhini mahi. Mō tētahi hua tīrama, hei tauira, ka whakarato tētahi atekōkiri tiwhikete VDE i te maia nui ki tōna kounga me tōna haumarutanga. I ngā whenua maha o te ao, otirā i ētahi wāhi o Āhia me te Rāwhiti o Waenganui, he rongonui ake, he mōhiotia hoki te tohu tiwhikete VDE i ngā tohu tiwhikete kāinga o aua whenua. E tino uara ana ki ngā kawemai, ngā kawekawe, me ngā kaitauwhāiti e kite ana he tohu whānui o te kounga tōtika me te piri ki ngā paerewa hangarau tiketike.
He aha te rerekētanga me te pātahitanga i waenga i te tiwhikete GS me te VDE?
Ahakoa i takea mai ngā tohu GS me VDE i Tiamana, ā, e tohu ana rāua i te haumarutanga, he rerekē ngā tohu me ngā whānuitanga rerekē, ā, ka taea te whiwhi tahi. Ko te tohu GS he tohu haumaru whānui mō tētahi hua kua oti. Mō tētahi rama waipuke LED hei kawe i te tohu GS, me whakamātauria e tētahi tinana whai mana (tērā pea ko VDE, TÜV, ērā atu mea) ki ngā paerewa haumaru hua e hāngai ana. Ko te tohu VDE, i tēnei horopaki, he tohu tiwhikete motuhake i tukuna e te Whare Wānanga VDE. Ka taea te whakamana hāngai i tētahi hua ki te tohu VDE, e whakaū ana i te whakaū i ngā paerewa hāngai, ā, e mōhiotia ana hei tohu haumaru me te kounga. Heoi anō, nā te mea he tinana tiwhikete whakamana te Whare Wānanga VDE mō te tohu GS, ka taea e rātou te whakamana i tētahi hua mō ngā tohu e rua i te wā kotahi. Mō tēnā, tērā pea ka mau tētahi hua i ngā tohu VDE me te GS, e tohu ana kua whakamātauria, kua whakamanatia e te Whare Wānanga VDE, ā, ka tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō te tohu GS. He tautoko tino kaha tēnei pahekotanga. E kī ana ki te kiritaki kua whakamātauria te hua e tētahi o ngā taiwhanga whakamātautau hiko takitahi o te ao (VDE), ā, kua whakamanatia tōna haumarutanga e ai ki te aronui GS Tiamana. Mō ngā hua hiko uara tiketike, haumaru rānei, ka kitea tēnei tiwhikete takirua hei paerewa koura mō te whakaatu i te kounga me te haumaru ki ngā kiritaki tino mōhio i Uropi me tua atu.
He aha te take i hira ai ngā tiwhikete GS me VDE mō ngā hua tīramarama LED?
Mō tētahi kaiwhakanao tīramarama LED, PĒNEI I TE OAK LED, ehara te whiwhi tiwhikete GS me te tiwhikete VDE mō ngā hua, ō rātou wae matua rānei (pēnei i ngā atekōkiri) i te mahi takawaenga noa iho. He whakataunga pakihi rautaki me ngā painga maha. Ko te tuatahi, he taputapu hokohoko kaha me te hokohoko. I te mākete Tiamana me te mākete whānui ake o Ūropi, he maha ngā kaihoko ngaio, tae atu ki ngā kaihoko hiko, ngā kaikirimana, me ngā kaitauwhāiti, ka rapu tika i ngā tohu GS, VDE rānei. Ki a rātou, he pokatata ēnei tohu ki te kounga. Ka whakahekea e rātou te hiahia mō ā rātou ake whakamātautau whānui, ā, ka whakarato i te maia he haumaru, he pono hoki te hua. Ka taea e tētahi hua me ēnei tohu te tono utu nui me te uru ngāwari ake ki ngā kaupapa, otirā ko ngā whakangāwari tūmatanui, ngā tāutanga arumoni tauine nui rānei e pākaha ana ngā whakaritenga haumaru. Tērā, ka tino whakaheke i te mōrea taunaha. Mā te whakamātautau, te whakamana hoki i tētahi hua e tētahi rōpū tuatoru takitahi, ka taea e te kaiwhakanao te whakaatu kua kaha rātou ki te whakarite i tōna haumarutanga. He tino nui tēnei i te wā o tētahi kerēme taunaha hua. Tuatoru, ka whakaraupapa i te urunga mākete. Ahakoa he tūtohu noa iho ngā tohu, ko te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa tiketike e hiahiatia ana mō te tiwhikete GS, VDE rānei e tata ana ki te whakaū ka tutuki hoki i te hua ngā whakaritenga CE whakahau. Ka āwhina te tukanga whakamātautau ki te tāutu me te whakatika wawe i ngā hē hoahoa, e ahu ana ki tētahi hua pai ake, haumaru ake hoki. Mō tētahi toa pēnei i te OAK LED, ko te haumi i ēnei tiwhikete rangatira he whakaaturanga tūturu o te whāinga ki te kounga, te haumaru, me te whaikiko mo te wā roa, te hanga whakawhirinaki ki ngā kiritaki i roto i tētahi mākete whakataetae o te ao.
Ngā pātai auau mō te tiwhikete GS me te VDE
He mea whakahau te tiwhikete GS mō te hoko hua i Tiamana?
Kāo, he mea noa iho te tiwhikete GS. Ko te whakaritenga whakahau mō te hoko i te nuinga o ngā hua i Tiamana me te EU ko te tohu CE, he whakapuakitanga whaiaro a te kaiwhakanao. Heoi anō, ko te tohu GS e whakarato ana i te manatokonga haumaru takitahi, hunga tuatoru, ā, e tino uara ana e ngā kiritaki me ngā kaihoko ngaio hei tohu o te kounga me te whakawhirinaki.
He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te tiwhikete VDE me te TÜV?
Ko te VDE me te TÜV (Technischer Überwachungsverein) he tinana whakamātautau me te tiwhikete takitahi i Tiamana. He tauwhāinga rātou e tuku ana i ngā ratonga ōrite. He tino rongonui a VDE mō tōna tohungatanga i roto i ngā hangarau hiko, hiko, me ngā hangarau mōhiohio, ā, he whānui ake te whānuitanga o ngā umanga TÜV (pēnei i a TÜV Rheinland, TÜV SÜD) e kapi ana i ngā wāhanga mahi maha. Ka taea e rāua te whakamana i ngā hua mō te tohu GS. I te nuinga o te wā ka heke iho te kōwhiringa ki te momo hua tauwhāiti me te manakohanga o te kaiwhakanao.
Pēhea te roa e whaimana ana te tiwhikete VDE?
Ehara i te mea noa iho te mana o te tiwhikete VDE. I te nuinga o te wā e whaimana ana mō tētahi wā, tae atu ki te 3, 5 tau rānei, engari kei te āhua tonu tēnei o te aronui tiwhikete me te momo hua. Ko te mea nui, ko te pupuri i te tiwhikete e hiahiatia ana ngā arotaupū matatū auau me ngā arotakenga wheketere kia tutuki tonu ai te whakanao haere tonu i ngā paerewa kua whakamanatia. Mēnā ka rerekē te hua, tōna tukanga whakanao rānei, me arotake anō pea te tiwhikete.
