He aha te pono o te atekōkiri LED te ngākau o te rama pai

He pai noa iho te rama LED ki tōna atekōkiri. Ahakoa he rite tonu te kororia o ngā maramara LED mō tō rātou oranga roa me te tōtika pūngao, ko te atekōkiri—he wāhanga hiko matatini—e mahi ai. Ko te taumahi matua o te atekōkiri LED ko te tahuri i te ngaohiko AC taumai mai i ngā matua ki tētahi pūtake o nāianei DC kua whakaritea. Kāore i te rite ki te pūtake ngaohiko māmā, ka rerekē te ngaohiko huaputa o te pūtake o nāianei kia ōrite ki te whakataka ngaohiko whakamua (Vf) o te utanga LED. Hei wae matua, ka pā hāngai te kounga me te hoahoa o te atekōkiri LED ki te whaikiko, te pūmautanga, me te roanga o te rama katoa. Ko te tikanga o te rahunga o te atekōkiri he rama rahua, ahakoa kei te tino āhei tonu ia maramara LED ki te whakamārama. Ko te rahunga o te atekōkiri tētahi o ngā take tino noa mō te hē o te rama LED. I te nuinga o te wā ehara ēnei rahunga i takea mai i te takahanga kino kotahi, engari i te pahekotanga o ngā tirotiro hoahoa, ngā hapa taupānga, me ngā uaua taiao. Ka tātuhia e tēnei tuhipānui te tātaritanga hangarau me te wheako taupānga ao tūturu hei tūhura i ngā take kotahi tekau i rahua ai ngā atekōkiri LED, e whakarato ana i ngā kitenga ka taea te āwhina i ngā kaipūkaha, ngā kaitāuta, me ngā kaiwhakarite ki te karo i ēnei tāwhiti me te whakarite i ngā pūnaha tīramarama roa ake.

He aha te take i rahua ai te atekōkiri ki te LED vf?

Ko tētahi o ngā take tino taketake, engari i te nuinga o te wā e whakarapa ana i te hoahoa rama LED, ko te whakataurite tika i te awhe ngaohiko huaputa o te atekōkiri ki ngā whakaritenga ngaohiko tūturu o te utanga LED. Ko te utanga o tētahi rama LED he huānga LED, i te nuinga o te wā ka whakaritea ki ngā aho whakarara rangatū. Ko te katoa o te ngaohiko mahi (Vo) o tētahi aho rangatū ko te tapeke o ngā ngaohiko whakamua o ia LED takitahi (Vo = Vf × Ns, kei reira ko Ns te maha o ngā LED i roto i te rangatū). Ko te take nui ehara te Vf i te tau pūmau, taimau. He tino whakawhirinaki ki te pāmahana. Nā ngā āhuatanga semiconductor o LED, ka heke iho te Vf i te nui o te pāmahana tūtakinga. I te pāmahana iti, ka nui ake te Vf. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka iti iho te ngaohiko mahi o te rama ina wera (VoL) me teitei ake ina makariri (VoH). Ina tīpako i tētahi atekōkiri LED, he mea nui kia uru katoa te awhe ngaohiko huaputa i whakapūtātia i tēnei awhe VoL ki VoH. Mēnā he iti iho te ngaohiko huaputa mōrahi o te atekōkiri i te VoH, ka uaua te atekōkiri ki te pupuri i tōna au i te pāmahana iti. Tērā pea ka pā ki tōna tepenga ngaohiko, ka iti iho te hiko o te rama i te mea e hiahiatia ana, ka iti iho te huaputa mārama. Mēnā he teitei ake te ngaohiko huaputa mōkito o te atekōkiri i te VoL, ka whakahaua te atekōkiri kia mahi i waho o tōna awhe tino pai i te pāmahana tiketike. Ka tāpepe pea te huaputa, ka kōpura te rama, ka whakaweto rānei te atekōkiri. Heoi anō, ehara i te rongoā te whai i tētahi awhe ngaohiko huaputa whānui rawa. He tino māia ngā atekōkiri i roto i tētahi matapihi ngaohiko motuhake; mā te nui rawa o tēnei matapihi ka iti iho te tōtika me te taurea hiko iti ake (PF). Mā te awhe whānui rawa ka whakanui ake hoki i ngā utu wae me te matatini hoahoa. Ko te huarahi tika ko te tātai tika i te awhe Vo e tūmanakohia ana i runga anō i ngā whakaritenga LED me ngā pāmahana mahi e tūmanakohia ana, ā, ka tīpako i tētahi atekōkiri e pai ana tōna awhe ngaohiko.

He pēhea te waiho i ngā ānau whakaheke hiko ka rahunga ai te atekōkiri?

Ko tētahi hē pūnoa, utu nui hoki i roto i te hoahoa luminaire ko te whakamahi i te whakatauranga hiko ingoa o te atekōkiri hei uara tūturu, ā-ao. Ko te mea pono, ko te kaha o te atekōkiri LED ki te tuku i tōna hiko whakatauranga katoa, e hāngai ana ki tōna taiao mahi. Ka homai e ngā kaiwhakanao atekōkiri haepapa ngā ānau whakaheke hiko taipitopito i roto i ā rātou whakaritenga hua. Ko ngā mea e rua tino hira ko te ānau whakaheke pāmahana ā-taiao me te ānau whakaheke ngaohiko tāuru. E whakaatu ana te ānau whakaheke pāmahana taiao i te hiko mōrahi ka taea e te atekōkiri te tuku haumaru i te nui o te pāmahana karapoti. I te pikinga o te pāmahana, kei raro ngā wae ā-roto, otirā ko ngā pūkaha hiko me ngā semiconductors, kei raro i te hau wera nui ake. Hei pupuri i te whaikikotanga me te ārai i te rahunga moata, me whakahaere te atekōkiri i te hiko iti iho. Hei tauira, ko te atekōkiri i whakatauria mō te 100W i te 40°C ka taea anake te 70W i te 60°C. Mēnā ka whakatūria e te kaihoahoa tēnei atekōkiri ki roto i tētahi rama wera, kāore i te pai te kōrero ki te ānau whakaheke, tērā pea ka tono rātou kia tuku i te 100W i te pāmahana taiao 60°C. Mā tēnei ka wera rawa te atekōkiri, ka tino poto te roanga o te ora, te rahunga wawe rānei. Waihoki, ko te ānau whakaheke ngaohiko tāuru e whakaatu ana i te āheinga o te atekōkiri i ngā ngaohiko matua rerekē. Ka taea e ētahi atekōkiri te tuku hiko katoa i roto i tētahi awhe ngaohiko whāiti anake (hei tauira, 220-240V) ā, me whakaiti pea mēnā kei te pito iti tonu te ngaohiko tāuru i te pito iti o tōna awhe e whakaaetia ana (hei tauira, 180V). Ko te waiho i ēnei whakaritenga whakaheke, ko te hoahoa i tētahi pūnaha mō te hinganga, nā te mea ka mahi te atekōkiri i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te hauora wera, hiko rānei kāore i hoahoatia kia whakahaere tonu.

He aha ngā tono manawanui hiko kāore i te tika ka raruraru ai?

I ētahi wā, ka whakaurua e ngā whakaritenga kiritaki mō ngā rama LED ngā whakaritenga e tautohe ana ki ngā āhuatanga mahi taketake o ngā LED me ō rātou atekōkiri. Ko tētahi tauira noa ko te tono kia whakaūngia te hiko tāuru o ia rama ki tētahi manawanui whāiti, pēnei i te ±5%, ā, kia āta whakaritea te iahiko huaputa kia tutuki ai tēnei hiko tūturu mō ia rama. Ahakoa tērā pea ka takea mai tēnei tono i te hiahia kia tino ōrite te mākete, te pūngao rānei, ka waiho te ahupūngao o ngā LED. E ai ki te kōrero, ka huri te ngaohiko whakamua (Vf) o tētahi LED ki te pāmahana. Tērā anō, ka rerekē te tōtika katoa o te atekōkiri LED i a ia e mahana ana; i te nuinga o te wā ka heke iho i te whakaohonga, ā, ka nui ake ina mahana. Nō reira, ehara te hiko tāuru o te rama i te taimau pūmau. Ka rerekē ki te pāmahana taiao mahi, te roanga o te mahi (ahakoa kātahi anō ka whakakā, kua haere rānei mō ngā haora), me ngā rerekētanga iti o ngā LED. Ko te ngana ki te whakahau i tētahi atekōkiri ki te tuku i tētahi hiko tauwhāiti mā te kuti i tōna iahiko huaputa, he tino whai hua. Ko te huarahi pai ake ko te whakapūtā i tētahi manawanui hiko tika e pā ana ki ēnei rerekētanga o te ao tūturu. Ko te whāinga matua o tētahi atekōkiri LED ko te noho hei pūtake auau pūmau, e whakarato ana i te au pūmau, matapae ki ngā LED. Ko te hiko tāuru he putanga tuarua o taua onāianei, te ngaohiko LED, me te tōtika o te atekōkiri. Mā te whakapūtā i ngā atekōkiri i runga anō i ngā manawanui hiko kāore i te tika, ka āhei ki te whakakāhore koretake i ngā hua pai, te nui ake o ngā utu mō te kuti ritenga, me te pōhēhētanga taketake o te mahi a te pūnaha.

Me pēhea e taea ai e ngā hātepe whakamātautau hē te whakangaro i ngā atekōkiri LED?

Ehara i te mea rerekē kia hinga ngā atekōkiri LED hōu i te wā whakamātautau tuatahi a te kiritaki, ā, ka hē te hua. I te nuinga o ēnei take, ehara te rahunga i te hē o te atekōkiri, engari nā tētahi hātepe whakamātautau hē, tūkino hoki. Ko tētahi tauira tauhira ko te whakamahinga o te variac (panoni aunoa tāupe) hei āta whakaputa i te ngaohiko tāuru. Tērā pea ka tūhono te kaipūkaha i te atekōkiri ki te variac, ka tautuhi i te variac ki te kore, kātahi ka āta huri ki te ngaohiko mahi whakatauranga (hei tauira, 220V). Ahakoa te āhua nei he huarahi tūpato tēnei, he tino uaua ki te wāhanga tāuru a te atekōkiri. I ngā ngaohiko tāuru iti rawa, kāore pea ngā ara mana o te atekōkiri i te mahi katoa, engari kua tūhono te whakatikatika tāuru me te fuse. I te pōturi o te pikinga o te ngaohiko, ka ngana te atekōkiri ki te tīmata me te tā hiko, engari kāore ōna ara iahiko ā-roto i te āhua mahi pūnoa. Mā tēnei pea ka nui ake ngā uara tāuru ki ngā uara teitei ake i te iahiko tāuru whakatauranga, ka pupuhi pea i te fuse, ka whakararuraru i te piriti whakatikatika, ka tūkino rānei i te thermistor tāuru. Ko te hātepe whakamātautau tika ko te tauaro: tuatahi, tautuhia te variac ki te ngaohiko ingoa whakatauranga o te atekōkiri (hei tauira, 220V). Kātahi, me te momotu o te atekōkiri, hoatu hiko ki te variac. Ina mau tonu te ngaohiko huaputa i te 220V, tūhonoa te atekōkiri ki reira. Kātahi ka tīmata te atekōkiri i tōna āhua i hoahoatia, i te whakahaere. Ahakoa kei roto pea i ētahi atekōkiri teitei te parenga undervoltage tāuru, i tētahi ara iahiko whakawhāiti ngaohiko whakaoho rānei hei pare i tēnei momo mahi hē, he āhuahira paerewa tēnei i runga i te maha o ngā atekōkiri. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama me te whai i te kawa whakamātautau tika kia kore ai e whakahē hē i ngā hua pai.

He aha ngā kawenga whakamātautau rerekē e puta ai ngā hua rerekē?

Ko tētahi pūtake pōraru noa i te wā o te whakamātautau atekōkiri ko te mahi tika a te atekōkiri ina tūhono ki tētahi utanga LED tūturu, engari ka hē, ka kore e tīmata, ka hē rānei te whanonga ina tūhono ki tētahi utanga hiko (e-load). Ko te tikanga ko tētahi o ngā take e toru o tēnei rerekētanga. Tuatahi, ka hē pea te tatūnga o te utanga hiko. Ka nui ake pea te ngaohiko huaputa, te hiko rānei e hiahiatia ana e te utanga-e i te awhe mahi a te atekōkiri, i te wāhi mahi haumaru rānei o te utanga-e. Hei ture, ina whakamātau i tētahi pūtake taimau o nāianei i roto i te aratau ngaohiko taimau (CV), kaua te hiko whakamātautau e nui ake i te 70% o te whakatauranga hiko mōrahi o te utanga-hiko hei karo i te takanga parenga hiko. Tuarua, ka hotokore pea ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te utanga-e ki te koromeke mana o te atekōkiri. Ka taea e ētahi utanga-e te peke tūnga ngaohiko, ngā kōpiupiu rānei e pōraru ai i te ara iahiko urupare a te atekōkiri. Tuatoru, he nui te kaha tāuru ā-roto o ngā kawenga hiko. Mā te tūhono hāngai i tēnei āheinga ki te huaputa o te atekōkiri ka taea te whakarerekē i te hihiri o te ara iahiko, ka whakararu i te kitenga o nāianei o te atekōkiri, ā, ka tāpepe. Nā te mea i hoahoatia tētahi atekōkiri LED kia tutuki ai ngā āhuatanga whakahaere o tētahi rama LED—he tino rerekē te impedance me te urupare rangitahi i te utanga-e—ko te whakamātautau tino tika, pono hoki ko te whakamahi i tētahi utanga LED tūturu. Mā te tūhono i tētahi aho o ngā maramara LED tūturu, tae atu ki tētahi ammeter rangatū me tētahi ine ngaohiko whakarara, ka whakarato i te whakataruna pono o te mahinga o te ao tūturu, ā, ka karo i ngā taonga i whakaurua e ngā kawenga hiko.

He aha ngā hapa waea noa iho e ahu ana ki te rahunga atekōkiri inamata?

He maha ngā rahunga atekōkiri ehara i te mea nā te mau me te roimata engari nā te hē ohorere i te wā o te tāutanga. He ngāwari ēnei hapa, engari he whakararuraru. Ko tētahi hē auau ko te tūhono hāngai atu ki ngā kāpeka huaputa DC o te atekōkiri. Ka pā tēnei ki ngā wae i hoahoatia mō te DC ngaohiko iti anake, ka whakangaro inamata i ngā pūkaha huaputa me ngā whakatikatika. Ko tētahi atu hapa noa ko te tūhono i te putanga AC ki te tāurunga o tētahi atekōkiri DC/DC, i hoahoatia hei whiwhi ngaohiko DC mai i tētahi puna hiko motuhake. He ōrite te hua: rahunga inamata. Mō ngā atekōkiri whai huaputa maha, taumahi āwhina rānei pēnei i te rehurehu, ka taea te tūhono pokanoa i te huaputa taimau o nāianei ki ngā waea mana rehu, e tūkino ai i te ara iahiko hina tairongo. Tērā pea ko te hē tino mōrearea, mai i tētahi tirohanga haumaru, ko te tūhono i te waea ora (wāhanga) ki te kāpeka whenua whenua. Mā tēnei pea ka ora te whare o te rama me te kore e mahi te atekōkiri, ka waihanga i tētahi mōrearea ohorere nui, ā, ka tūpono pea ki ngā haukoti hapa whenua. E miramira ana ēnei hapa i te hiranga nui o te tapanga mārama i runga i ngā atekōkiri me ngā mahi tāuta tūpato, whakaakona, i roto hoki i ngā taupānga matatini o waho kei reira ngā waea me ngā wāhanga maha.

He pēhea te rahunga atekōkiri o ngā pūnaha hiko e toru-wāhanga?

Ko ngā kaupapa rama nui o waho, pēnei i te rama tiriti, i te rama taiwhanga rānei, e whakahikotia ana e tētahi pūnaha hiko e toru, e whā waea. I roto i tētahi whirihoranga paerewa (hei tauira, i ngā whenua maha), ko te ngaohiko i waenga i tētahi raina wāhanga kotahi me te raina kūpapa (kore) ko te 220VAC. Koinei te mea i hoahoatia ai ngā atekōkiri LED wāhanga kotahi. Heoi anō, ko te ngaohiko i waenga i ngā raina wāhanga rerekē e rua ko te 380VAC. Ka puta mai tētahi hapa tāutanga nui mēnā ka tūhono hē te kaimahi hanga i ngā waea tāuru a te atekōkiri ki ngā raina wāhanga rerekē e rua, kaua ki te wāhanga kotahi me te kūpapa. Ina hoatu te hiko, ka herea inamata te atekōkiri ki te 380VAC, he nui rawa atu i tōna ngaohiko tāuru mōrahi. Mā tēnei e puta ai tētahi rahunga inamata, ā, ka kitea te tūkinotanga ki ngā wae tāuru. Hei ārai i tēnei, me tino piri ki ngā hoahoa taura, tapanga mārama i ngā pouaka tūtaki, me te whakangungu mataiti mō ngā kaimahi tāuta. He āwhina tino nui te waehere-tae o ngā waea (hei tauira, parauri, pango rānei mō ngā wāhanga, kikorangi mō te kūpapa), engari me tika te whakatinanatanga. Ko te manatoko i te ngaohiko i te wāhi tūhononga ki tētahi ine maha i mua i te tūhono i te atekōkiri te huarahi tino tūturu hei ārai i tēnei momo hapa.

He aha ka taea ai e ngā tārere mātiti hiko te tūkino i ngā atekōkiri LED?

Ahakoa kua tika te tāuta i tētahi atekōkiri, ka mōrearea tonu i ngā raruraru i te mātiti hiko matua. Ahakoa i hoahoatia ngā atekōkiri kia mahi i roto i tētahi awhe ngaohiko tāuru (hei tauira, 180-264VAC mō tētahi atekōkiri 220V ingoa), ka pā pea te mātiti ki ngā tāreretanga nui. He pono tēnei i runga i ngā ara iahiko peka roa, i runga rānei i ngā whatunga e whakarato ana hoki i ngā kawenga nui, pēnei i ngā mīhini taumaha, ngā mapu, ngā ararewa rānei. Ina tīmata tētahi mīhini nui, ka taea e ia te tō rangitahi engari he nui te toua o te ngaohiko mātiti. Ina tū, ka puta he tara ngaohiko. Mā ēnei takahanga ka tārere te ngaohiko mātiti, tērā pea ka nui ake i te awhe mahi haumaru o te atekōkiri. Mēnā ka nui ake te ngaohiko inamata i te 310VAC mō ētahi mano hēkona, ka nui ake pea ngā wae tāuru me te tūkino i te atekōkiri. He mea nui kia wehe i ēnei pana auau-hiko i ngā tara uira. Ko ngā pūrere parenga uira (pēnei i ngā varistors) i hoahoatia hei whiu i ngā mokowhiti pūngao tino tere, pūngao tiketike e inea ana i roto i ngā hēkona moroiti. Heoi anō, he takahanga pōturi ake ngā tārere mātiti, e mau ana i te tekau, i te rau rānei o ngā milliseconds, ā, ka taea te whakararuraru i te ara iahiko tāuru a te atekōkiri ahakoa he parenga pātōtō taketake. I ngā tauwāhi whai mātiti hiko tūkino, e tata ana rānei ki ngā taputapu mahi nui, me aroturuki pea i te pūmautanga o te mātiti, i ngā take tino taumaha rānei, me whakaaro rānei ki te whakapakari hiko, ki tētahi panoni motuhake rānei mō te ara iahiko tīrama.

He pēhea te whakakore wera kino e ahu ai ki te rahunga atekōkiri?

Ko te take whakamutunga, tērā pea ko te take nui rawa o te rahunga o te atekōkiri, ko te koretake o te whakahaere wera. Ko te wera te hoariri o ngā hiko katoa, ā, ko ngā wae i roto i te atekōkiri LED—otirā ko ngā pūkaha hiko me ngā semiconductors—he tino tairongo ki ngā pāmahana tiketike. Ka whakaputa te atekōkiri i te wera nā tōna ake haumarutanga. Me whakakore tēnei wera ki te taiao karapoti. Mēnā ka tāutatia te atekōkiri ki tētahi wāhi kāore i te haurangi, pērā i roto i tētahi whare rama hiri, ka tere te hanga i te wera. Ka taea e te whakamahi i ngā rauemi atanga wera, pēnei i te hinu wera, te papa kawe wera rānei, i waenganui i te kēhi o te atekōkiri me te mata whakamau o te rama te whakapai ake i te whakawhitinga wera. Mā tēnei e āhei ai te wera o te atekōkiri ki roto i te hanganga o te rama, kātahi ka whakawhitiwhiti ki te hau o waho. Ki te kore e whakaaro ki te taiao wera o te atekōkiri, ko te tunu mai i roto. Mā te whakarite i te whakapā wera pai, ā, ki te taea, ka taea te whakaiti i te pāmahana mahi a te atekōkiri, te whakapai ake i tōna tōtika, te whakaroa i tōna oranga, me te ārai i te rahunga moata.

Ngā pātai auau mō ngā rahunga atekōkiri LED

He aha te take tino pūnoa o te rahunga atekōkiri LED?

Ahakoa he maha ngā take, ko te wera te take tino whānui, pūnoa hoki. Ko te wera nui rawa e whakaiti ana i ngā wae ā-roto, otirā ko ngā pūkaha hiko, e whakatere ana i tō rātou paheketanga, ā, ka ahu atu ki te rahunga moata. Ko te whakahaere wera rawakore, ahakoa nā te taiao wera, te kore wera rānei, he tino hara i muri i te whakahekenga o te roanga o te atekōkiri.

Ka taea e tētahi atekōkiri LED hē te tūkino i ngā maramara LED?

Āe, tino pai. Ka taea e te atekōkiri hē te tūkino me te whakaputa i ngā tara nui rawa o nāianei, ngaohiko rānei. Mā tēnei "overdriving" o ngā LED ka wera rawa, ka tere te wera, ka waiho ngā wāhi pango e kitea ana i runga i ngā rīwai. I tēnei tauari, kāore pea i te nui te whakakapi i te atekōkiri mēnā kua pakaru kē ngā LED.

Me pēhea taku mōhio mēnā kua rahua tētahi atekōkiri LED?

Ko ngā tohu noa iho o te rahunga atekōkiri ko: kāore te rama e whakakā, e kōpura ana, e kōhiko ana rānei, he oro kōruru e puta mai ana i te atekōkiri, he rerekē rānei te rama. Mēnā ka whakaūngia te hiko ki te maunga, ka tata tonu ēnei tohu ki tētahi atekōkiri rahua, hē rānei. I ētahi wā, ka kitea pea e te arotakenga ā-ari ngā pūkaha pupuhi, māturu rānei i runga i te papa ara iahiko o te atekōkiri.