He aha te pono o te atekōkiri LED te ngākau o te rama pai

He pai noa iho te rama LED ki tōna atekōkiri. Ahakoa he rite tonu te kororia o ngā rīpene LED mō tō rātou oranga roa me te tōtika pūngao, ko te atekōkiri—he wāhanga matatini o ngā hiko hiko—e mahi ai. Ko te taumahi matua o tētahi atekōkiri LED ko te tahuri i te ngaohiko AC taumai mai i ngā matua ki tētahi pūtake o nāianei DC kua whakaritea. Kāore i te rite ki tētahi pūtake ngaohiko ngāwari, ka rerekē pea te ngaohiko huaputa o te pūtake o nāianei kia ōrite ki te whakataka ngaohiko whakamua (Vf) o te utanga LED, me te whakarite kia rere taimau, pūmau hoki te rere o nāianei i roto i ngā LED ahakoa ngā rerekētanga pāmahana, ngā rerekētanga iti rānei o ngā LED. Hei wae matua, ko te kounga me te hoahoa o te atekōkiri LED e pā ana ki te whaikiko, te pūmautanga, me te roanga o te rama katoa. Ko te tikanga o te rahunga i roto i te atekōkiri he rama rahua, ahakoa kei te tino mārama tonu ia maramara LED. Ka aroha, ko te rahunga atekōkiri tētahi o ngā take tino pūnoa mō te hē o te rama LED. I te nuinga o te wā, ehara ēnei rahunga i takea mai i tētahi takahanga mōrearea kotahi, engari i te pahekotanga o ngā tirotiro hoahoa, ngā hapa taupānga, me ngā āwangawanga taiao. Ka tātuhia e tēnei tuhipānui te tātari hangarau me te wheako taupānga ao tūturu hei tūhura i ngā take whānui kotahi tekau i rahua ai ngā atekōkiri LED, e whakarato ana i ngā kitenga ka taea te āwhina i ngā kaipūkaha, ngā kaitāuta, me ngā kaiwhakarite ki te karo i ēnei tārewa, me te whakarite i ngā pūnaha tīramarama roa ake, pono ake.

He aha te take i rahunga ai te atekōkiri ki te LED Vf?

Ko tētahi o ngā take tino taketake, engari i te nuinga o te wā e whakarapa ana i roto i te hoahoa rama LED, ko te whakataurite tika i te awhe ngaohiko huaputa o te atekōkiri ki ngā whakaritenga ngaohiko tūturu o te utanga LED. Ko te utanga o tētahi rama LED he huānga LED, i te nuinga o te wā ka whakaritea ki ngā aho whakarara rangatū. Ko te ngaohiko mahi katoa (Vo) o tētahi aho rangatū ko te tapeke o ngā ngaohiko whakamua o ia LED takitahi (Vo = Vf × Ns, kei reira ko Ns te maha o ngā LED i roto i te rangatū). Ko te take nui ehara te Vf i te tau pūmau, taimau hoki. He tino whakawhirinaki ki te pāmahana. Nā ngā āhuatanga semiconductor o ngā LED, ka heke te Vf i te pikinga o te pāmahana tūtaki. I tua atu, i te pāmahana iti, ka nui ake te nui o te Vf. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka iti iho te ngaohiko mahi o te rama ina wera (VoL) me te teitei ake ina makariri (VoH). Ina tīpako i tētahi atekōkiri LED, he mea nui kia uru katoa tōna awhe ngaohiko huaputa kua whakapūtātia i tēnei awhe VoL ki VoH e tūmanakohia ana. Mēnā he iti iho te ngaohiko huaputa mōrahi o te atekōkiri i te VoH, ka uaua te atekōkiri ki te pupuri i tōna au kua whakaritea i ngā pāmahana iti. Tērā pea ka pā ki tōna tepenga ngaohiko, nā reira ka iti iho te hiko o te rama i te mea i whakaritea, ka iti iho te huaputa mārama. Mēnā he teitei ake te ngaohiko huaputa mōkito o te atekōkiri i te VoL, ka whakahaua te atekōkiri kia mahi i waho o tōna awhe tino pai i ngā pāmahana tiketike. Mā tēnei ka tāpepe, ka tārere te huaputa, ka kōpura te rama, ka whakaweto rānei te atekōkiri. Heoi anō, ehara i te rongoā te whai noa i tētahi awhe ngaohiko huaputa whānui. He tino pai ngā atekōkiri i roto i tētahi matapihi ngaohiko motuhake; mā te nui o tēnei matapihi ka iti iho te tōtika me te iti ake o te hiko (PF). Ka whakanuia hoki e te awhe whānui rawa ngā utu wae me te matatini hoahoa. Ko te huarahi tika ko te tātai tika i te awhe Vo e tūmanakohia ana i runga anō i ngā whakaritenga LED me ngā pāmahana mahi e tūmanakohia ana, ā, ka tīpako i tētahi atekōkiri e pai ana tōna awhe ngaohiko.

He pēhea te waiho i ngā ānau whakaheke hiko ki te rahunga atekōkiri?

Ko tētahi hē noa iho, utu nui hoki i roto i te hoahoa rama ko te whakamahi i te whakatauranga hiko ingoa o te atekōkiri hei uara tūturu, ā-ao. Ko te mea pono, ko te kaha o te atekōkiri LED ki te tuku i tōna hiko whakatauranga katoa, kei runga anō i tōna taiao mahi. Ko ngā kaiwhakanao atekōkiri haepapa e whakarato ana i ngā ānau whakaheke hiko taipitopito i roto i ā rātou whakaritenga hua. Ko ngā mea e rua ko te ānau whakaheke pāmahana ā-taiao me te ānau whakaheke ngaohiko tāuru. E whakaatu ana te ānau pāmahana taiao i te hiko mōrahi ka taea e te atekōkiri te tuku haumaru i te pikinga o te pāmahana karapoti. I te pikinga o te pāmahana, kei raro ngā wae ā-roto, otirā ko ngā pūkaha hiko me ngā semiconductors, i raro i te hau wera nui ake. Hei pupuri i te whaikiko me te ārai i te rahunga moata, me iti iho te hiko o te atekōkiri. Hei tauira, ko tētahi atekōkiri i whakatauria mō te 100W i te 40°C ka taea anake te 70W i te 60°C. Mēnā ka whakatūria e tētahi kaihoahoa tēnei atekōkiri ki roto i tētahi rama wera, kāore i te pai te kōrero ki te ānau whakaheke, tērā pea ka tono rātou kia tukua te 100W i te pāmahana taiao 60°C. Mā tēnei ka wera rawa te atekōkiri, ā, ka tino poto te roanga o te ora, ka rahunga wawe rānei. Waihoki, ko te ānau whakaheke ngaohiko tāuru e whakaatu ana i te āheinga o te atekōkiri i ngā ngaohiko matua rerekē. Ka tukuna pea e ētahi atekōkiri te hiko katoa i roto i tētahi awhe ngaohiko whāiti anake (hei tauira, 220-240V) ā, me whakakore pea mēnā kei te pito iti rawa te ngaohiko tāuru (hei tauira, 180V). Ko te waiho i ēnei whakaritenga whakaheke, ko te hoahoa i tētahi pūnaha mō te hinganga, i te mea ka mahi te atekōkiri i raro i ngā here o te hau wera, hiko rānei kāore i hoahoatia kia whakahaere tonu.

He aha ngā tono manawanui hiko tōtika e raruraru ai?

I ētahi wā, ka whakamōhiotia e ngā whakaritenga kiritaki mō ngā rama LED ngā whakaritenga e hāngai ana ki ngā āhuatanga mahi taketake o ngā LED me ō rātou atekōkiri. Ko tētahi tauira noa ko te tono kia whakaūngia te hiko tāuru o ia rama ki tētahi manawanui whāiti rawa, pēnei i te ±5%, ā, kia āta whakaritea te au huaputa kia tutuki ai tēnei hiko tūturu mō ia rama. Ahakoa tērā pea ka takea mai tēnei tono i te hiahia kia tino ōrite i roto i ngā tātaitanga mākete, pūngao rānei, ka waiho e ia te ahupūngao o ngā LED. E ai ki te kōrero, ka huri te ngaohiko whakamua (Vf) o tētahi LED ki te pāmahana. Tērā anō, ka rerekē te tōtika katoa o te atekōkiri LED i a ia e mahana ana, ka tae ki te tauritenga wera; i te nuinga o te wā he iti iho i te whakaohonga, ā, ka nui ake ina mahana. Nō reira, ehara te hiko tāuru o te rama i te taimau pūmau. Ka rerekē ki te pāmahana o te taiao mahi, te roanga o te mahi (mēnā kātahi anō ka whakakāngia, kua haere rānei mō ngā haora), me ngā rerekētanga iti o ngā LED. Ko te ngana ki te whakahau i tētahi atekōkiri ki te tuku i tētahi hiko tino tauwhāiti mā te kuti i tōna au huaputa, he rite tonu te whai hua. Ko te huarahi pai ake ko te whakapūtā i tētahi manawanui hiko tika e pā ana ki ēnei rerekētanga o te ao tūturu. Ko te whāinga matua o tētahi atekōkiri LED ko te noho hei pūtake o nāianei pūmau, e whakarato ana i te au pūmau, matapae hoki ki ngā LED. Ko te hiko tāuru he putanga tuarua o taua ia, te ngaohiko LED, me te tōtika o te atekōkiri. Mā te whakapūtā i ngā atekōkiri i runga anō i ngā manawanui hiko tōtika ka āhei ki te whakakāhore noa i ngā hua pai, te nui ake o ngā utu mō te kuti ritenga, me te pōhēhētanga taketake ki te mahi a te pūnaha.

Me pēhea e taea ai e ngā hātepe whakamātautau hē te whakangaro i ngā atekōkiri LED?

Ehara i te mea rerekē kia rahua ngā atekōkiri LED hōu i te wā o te whakamātautau tuatahi a te kiritaki, ā, ka hē te hua. I te nuinga o ēnei take, ehara te rahunga i te hē o te atekōkiri, engari nā tētahi hātepe whakamātautau hē, whakakino hoki. Ko tētahi tauira tauhira ko te whakamahinga o tētahi variac (panoni-aunoa tāupe) hei āta whakapiki i te ngaohiko tāuru. Tērā pea ka tūhono te kaipūkaha i te atekōkiri ki te variac, ka tautuhi i te variac ki te kore, kātahi ka āta huri ki te ngaohiko mahi kua whakatauria (hei tauira, 220V). Ahakoa te āhua nei he huarahi tūpato tēnei, he tino uaua ki te wāhanga tāuru a te atekōkiri. I ngā ngaohiko tāuru iti rawa, kāore pea ngā ara iahiko mana o te atekōkiri i te mahi katoa, engari kua tūhonotia te whakatikatika tāuru me te fuse. I te āta whakanuia o te ngaohiko, ka ngana te atekōkiri ki te tīmata me te tā hiko, engari kāore ōna ara iahiko ā-roto i tō rātou āhua mahi pūnoa. Mā tēnei pea ka pana te au tāuru ki ngā uara teitei ake i te au whakaurunga kua whakatauria, ka pupuhi pea i te fuse, ka whakararuraru i te piriti whakatikatika, ka tūkino rānei i te thermistor tāuru. Ko te hātepe whakamātautau tika ko te tauaro: tuatahi, tautuhia te variac ki te ngaohiko ingoa whakatauranga o te atekōkiri (hei tauira, 220V). Kātahi, me te momotu o te atekōkiri, hoatu he hiko ki te variac. Kia mau tonu te ngaohiko huaputa i te 220V, tūhonoa te atekōkiri ki reira. Kātahi ka tīmata te atekōkiri i runga i tōna āhua i hoahoatia, i whakahaeretia hoki. Ahakoa kei roto pea i ētahi atekōkiri mutunga tiketike te parenga ngaohiko tāuru, i tētahi ara iahiko whakaoho rānei hei pare i tēnei momo mahi, he āhuahira paerewa i runga i ngā atekōkiri maha. Nō reira, he mea nui te mārama me te whai i te kawa whakamātautau tika kia kore ai e whakahē hē i ngā hua pai.

He aha ngā utanga whakamātautau rerekē e puta ai ngā hua rerekē?

Ko tētahi pūtake noa iho o te mōrearea i te wā o te whakamātautau atekōkiri, ina mahi tika te atekōkiri ina tūhono ki tētahi utanga LED tūturu, engari ka hē, ka kore e tīmata, ka whanonga hē rānei ina tūhono ki tētahi utanga hiko (e-uta). Ko te tikanga ko tēnei rerekētanga tētahi o ngā take e toru. Tuatahi, tērā pea ka hē te tatūnga o te utanga hiko. Ka nui ake pea te ngaohiko huaputa, te hiko rānei e hiahiatia ana e te utanga-e i te awhe mahi a te atekōkiri, i te wāhi mahi haumaru rānei o te utanga-e. Hei ture kōnui, ina whakamātauria tētahi pūtake o nāianei taimau i roto i te aratau ngaohiko taimau (CV), kaua e nui ake te hiko whakamātautau i te 70% o te whakatauranga hiko mōrahi o te utanga-e kia kore ai e haere te parenga hiko. Tuarua, kāore pea ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te utanga-e hototahi ki te koromeke mana o te atekōkiri. Ka taea e ētahi utanga-e te peke tūnga ngaohiko, ngā kōpiupiu rānei e whakararuraru ana i te ara iahiko urupare a te atekōkiri. Tuatoru, he nui te kaha tāuru ā-roto o ngā utanga hiko. Mā te tūhono hāngai i tēnei kaha ki te huaputa o te atekōkiri ka taea te whakarerekē i te hihiri o te ara iahiko, e whakararuraru ana i te pūoko o nāianei o te atekōkiri, ā, ka tāpepe hoki. Nā te mea i hoahoatia te atekōkiri LED hei whakatutuki i ngā āhuatanga mahi o tētahi rama LED—he tino rerekē te impedance me te urupare rangitahi i te utanga-e—ko te whakamātautau tino tika, pono hoki ko te whakamahi i tētahi utanga LED tūturu. Mā te tūhono i tētahi aho o ngā rīpene LED tūturu, tae atu ki tētahi mita rangatū me tētahi ine ngaohiko whakarara, ka whakarato i te whakataruna tino pono o te mahinga o te ao tūturu, ā, ka karo i ngā taonga i whakaurua e ngā utanga hiko.

He aha ngā hapa waea noa ka rahunga te atekōkiri inamata?

He maha ngā rahunga atekōkiri ehara i te mea nā te mau me te roimata, engari nā te hē ohorere, kino i te wā o te tāutanga. He ngāwari ēnei hapa, engari he whakararuraru. Ko tētahi hapa auau ko te tūhono hāngai tonu i te putanga matua AC ki ngā kāpeka huaputa DC o te atekōkiri. Ka hoatu tēnei i te AC ngaohiko tiketike ki ngā wae i hoahoatia mō te DC ngaohiko iti anake, ka whakangaro inamata i ngā pūkaha huaputa me ngā whakatikatika. Ko tētahi atu hapa noa ko te tūhono i te putanga AC ki te tāurunga o tētahi atekōkiri DC/DC, i hoahoatia kia whiwhi ngaohiko DC mai i tētahi puna hiko motuhake. He ōrite te hua: rahunga inamata. Mō ngā atekōkiri he maha ngā huaputa, ngā taumahi āwhina rānei pēnei i te rehurehu, ka taea te tūhono pokanoa i te huaputa taimau o nāianei ki ngā waea mana dimming, e tūkino ai i te ara iahiko hina tairongo. Tērā pea ko te hē tino mōrearea, mai i te tirohanga haumaru, ko te tūhono i te waea ora (wāhanga) ki te kāpeka whenua o te whenua. Mā tēnei pea ka ora te whare o te rama me te kore e mahi te atekōkiri, ka waihanga i tētahi mōrearea tino ohorere, ā, ka tūpono pea ki ngā haukoti hapa whenua. E miramira ana ēnei hapa i te hiranga nui o te tapanga mārama i runga i ngā atekōkiri me ngā mahi tāuta tūpato, whakangunguhia, otirā i roto i ngā taupānga matatini o waho kei reira ngā waea me ngā wāhanga maha.

He pēhea te rahunga atekōkiri o ngā pūnaha hiko e toru-wāhanga?

Ko ngā kaupapa rama nui o waho, pēnei i te tīramarama tiriti, i te rama taiwhanga rānei, e whakahikotia ana e tētahi pūnaha hiko e toru wāhanga, e whā waea. I roto i tētahi whirihoranga paerewa (hei tauira, i ngā whenua maha), ko te ngaohiko i waenga i tētahi raina wāhanga kotahi me te raina kūpapa (kore) ko te 220VAC. Koinei te mea i hoahoatia ai ngā atekōkiri LED wāhanga kotahi. Heoi anō, ko te ngaohiko i waenganui i ngā raina wāhanga rerekē e rua ko te 380VAC. Ka puta mai tētahi hapa tāutanga takenui mēnā ka tūhono hē tētahi kaimahi hanga i ngā waea tāuru a te atekōkiri ki ngā raina wāhanga rerekē e rua, kaua ko te wāhanga kotahi me te kūpapa. Ina hoatu te hiko, ka herea inamata te atekōkiri ki te 380VAC, he nui rawa atu i tōna mōrahi ngaohiko tāuru whakatauranga. Mā tēnei ka puta he rahunga wawe, mōrearea hoki, i te nuinga o te wā ka kitea te tūkinotanga ki ngā wae tāuru. Hei ārai i tēnei, me tino piri ki ngā hoahoa aho, te tapanga mārama i ngā pouaka tūtakinga, me te whakangungu mō ngā kaimahi tāuta. He āwhina tino nui te waehere tae o ngā waea (hei tauira, parauri, pango rānei mō ngā wāhanga, kikorangi mō te kūpapa), engari me tika te whakatinanatanga. Ko te manatoko i te ngaohiko i te pūwāhi tūhononga mā te ine maha i mua i te tūhono i te atekōkiri te huarahi tino tūturu hei ārai i tēnei momo hapa.

He aha te take ka tūkino ngā tārere mātiti hiko i ngā atekōkiri LED?

Ahakoa kua tika te tāuta i tētahi atekōkiri, ka mōrearea tonu i ngā whakararuraru i te mātiti hiko matua. Ahakoa i hoahoatia ngā atekōkiri kia mahi i roto i tētahi awhe ngaohiko tāuru (hei tauira, 180-264VAC mō tētahi atekōkiri 220V ingoa), ka pā pea te mātiti ki ngā tāreretanga nui. He pono tēnei i runga i ngā ara iahiko peka roa, i ngā whatunga rānei e whakarato ana i ngā kawenga nui, pēnei i ngā mīhini taumaha, ngā mapu, ngā ararewa rānei. Ina tīmata tētahi mīhini nui, ka taea e ia te tā i tētahi au nui rawa, ka puta he tou rangitahi, engari he nui te tou i roto i te ngaohiko mātiti. Ina mutu, ka puta pea he taraiwa ngaohiko. Mā ēnei takahanga ka tārere noa iho te ngaohiko mātiti, tērā pea ka nui ake i te awhe mahi haumaru o te atekōkiri. Mēnā he nui ake te ngaohiko inamata, hei tauira, 310VAC mō ētahi tekau hēkona, ka taea e ia te whakararuraru i ngā wae tāuru me te tūkino i te atekōkiri. He mea nui kia wehe i ēnei pātōtō auau-hiko mai i ngā tara uira. Ko ngā pūrere parenga uira (pēnei i ngā varistors) i hoahoatia hei whiu i ngā mokowhiti pūngao tino tere, pūngao tiketike e inetia ana i roto i ngā hēkona moroiti. Heoi anō, he takahanga pōturi ake ngā tārere mātiti, e mau ana i te tekau, i ngā rau hēkona rānei, ā, ka taea te whakararuraru i te ara iahiko tāuru a te atekōkiri ahakoa he parenga pātōtō taketake. I ngā tauwāhi whai mātiti hiko tūkino, e tata ana rānei ki ngā taputapu mahi nui, tērā pea me aroturuki i te pūmautanga o te mātiti, i ngā take tino taumaha rānei, me whakaaro ki te whakahere hiko, ki tētahi panoni motuhake rānei mō te ara rama.

He pēhea te āhua o te ngaro wera ki te rahunga atekōkiri?

Ko te take whakamutunga, ā, ko te take tino whānui pea, ko te koretake o te whakahaere wera. Ko te wera te hoariri o ngā hiko katoa, ā, ko ngā wae i roto i tētahi atekōkiri LED—otirā ko ngā pūkaha hiko me ngā semiconductors—he tino tairongo ki ngā pāmahana tiketike. Ko te atekōkiri tonu e whakaputa ana i te wera nā tōna ake tōtika. Me whakakore tēnei wera ki te taiao karapoti. Mēnā ka tāutatia te atekōkiri ki tētahi wāhi kāore i te hauora, i roto i tētahi whare rama hiri, ka tere te hanga o te wera. Ka teitei ake pea te pāmahana taiao i roto i taua pātaka i te pāmahana o waho. Hei whakaiti i tēnei, me whakapā hāngai tonu te whare o te atekōkiri ki te whare o waho o te rama. Ka taea e te tinana o te rama, i te nuinga o te wā i hangaia ki te konumohe, te mahi hei totohu wera nui mō te atekōkiri. Mēnā ka whakaaetia e ngā herenga, mā te hoatu i ngā rauemi atanga wera, pēnei i te hinu wera, i tētahi pūpato kawe wera rānei, i waenganui i te kēhi o te atekōkiri me te mata whakatū o te rama ka tino whakapai ake i te whakawhitinga wera. Mā tēnei e āhei ai te wera o te atekōkiri ki te kawe atu ki roto i te hanganga o te rama, kātahi ka whakawhitiwhiti ki te hau o waho. Ko te kore e whakaaro ki te taiao wera o te atekōkiri, ko te tunu mai i roto. Mā te whakarite i te whakapā wera pai, ā, ki te taea, ka taea te whakaheke i te pāmahana mahi o te atekōkiri, te whakapai hāngai i tōna tōtika, te whakaroa i tōna ora, me te ārai i te rahunga moata.

Ngā pātai auau mō ngā rahunga atekōkiri LED

He aha te take tino noa o te rahunga atekōkiri LED?

Ahakoa he maha ngā take, ko te wera te take tino whānui, noa iho. Ko te wera nui rawa e āwhina ana i ngā wae ā-roto, otirā ko ngā pūkaha hiko, e whakatere ana i tō rātou pakeketanga, ā, ka puta ki te hinganga moata. Ko te whakahaere wera rawakore, ahakoa nā te taiao wera, te kore wera rānei, he tino hara i muri i te whakahekenga o te roanga o te atekōkiri.

Ka taea e tētahi atekōkiri LED hē te tūkino i ngā maramara LED?

Āe, tino pai. Ka taea e te atekōkiri hē te tūkino me te whakaputa i ngā tara nui rawa o nāianei, ngaohiko rānei. Mā tēnei "whakanui" o ngā LED ka wera rawa, ka tere te wera, ā, i te nuinga o te wā ka waiho he wāhi pango e kitea ana i runga i ngā rīwai. I tēnei tauari, kāore pea i te nui te whakakapi i te atekōkiri mēnā kua pakaru kē ngā LED.

Me pēhea taku mōhio mēnā kua rahua tētahi atekōkiri LED?

Ko ngā tohu noa iho o te rahunga atekōkiri ko: kāore te rama e whakakā, te kōpura e kitea ana, te kōhiko rānei, te haruru e puta mai ana i te atekōkiri, te hina rānei o te rama. Mēnā ka whakaūngia te hiko ki te maunga, ka tohu ēnei āhuatanga i ngā wā katoa ki tētahi atekōkiri rahua, hē rānei. I ētahi wā, ka kitea pea e te tirohanga ā-ari ngā pūkaha pūkoro, māturu rānei i runga i te papa ara iahiko o te atekōkiri.