Ko e Mahuʻinga ʻo e Palani ʻo e Maama Fakapalofesinale ki he Malaʻe ʻAkapulu

Ko e malaʻe ʻakapulu ʻoku ʻikai ko ha konga musie pe; ko ha siteisi ia ki he ngaahi vaʻinga sipoti, laukau ʻa e kolo, pea mo e ngaahi fakamafola televisone fakaʻofoʻofa. Ko e maama ʻoku ne fakamaama ʻa e siteisi ko ʻeni ʻoku mahulu hake ia ʻi ha seti maama ngingila pe. Ko ha founga ia naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu fakalelei ke ne aʻusia ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga pau mo fefeka ʻoku kehekehe ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e vaʻinga. ʻE lava ke lavea ʻa e kau vaʻinga mei he ngaahi faingataʻa ʻoku ʻikai lava ʻo sio ki ai pe ngaahi foʻi pulu ʻoku ʻikai ke nau lava ʻo fakafuofuaʻi, fakatupu ha aʻusia maʻulalo ki he kau mamatá, pea ʻikai lava ke feau ʻa e ngaahi fiemaʻu fefeka ʻa e kau fakamafola, ʻo ʻikai feʻunga ai ha malaʻe vaʻinga ki he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku fakamafola he televīsoné. ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe taha, ʻoku fakaleleiʻi ʻe he palani ʻo e maama ʻoku fakahoko lelei ʻa e malu ʻa e kau vaʻinga, fakaleleiʻi ʻa e ngaue, fakatupu ha ʻatakai longomoʻui maʻa e kau poupou, pea fakaava ʻa e malava ke maʻu ha paʻanga hu mai. Ko e ʻuhinga ʻeni ʻoku ʻikai ko ha fili ia ka ko ha fie maʻu ke fai ha founga fakapalofesinale, ʻo tataki ʻe he ngaahi tuʻunga moʻui mei he ngaahi sino hange ko e FIFA. ʻOku kau ai ʻa e mahino ʻa e fengaueʻaki faingataʻa ʻo e mama, faitatau, mafana ʻo e lanu, mapuleʻi ʻo e ulo mo hono puleʻi ʻo e kemo. ʻI hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e ngaahi meʻangaue maʻolunga hange ko e DiaLux ki hono ʻanalaiso mo e simulation ʻo e photometric, ʻe lava ke faʻu ʻe he kau ʻenisinia ʻo e mama ha sipinga fakaʻilekitulonika ʻo e malaʻe vaʻinga pea fikaʻi totonu ʻa e tuʻuʻanga, taumuʻa, mo e fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e maama kotoa pe ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku aʻusia pe laka hake ʻa e ola fakaʻosi ʻi he ngaahi fie maʻu kotoa pe. ʻE fakahinohinoʻi koe ʻe he fakahinohino ko ʻeni ʻi he ngaahi konga mahuʻinga ʻo e maama lelei taha ki ha malaʻe ʻakapulu, mei he ngaahi tefitoʻi fie maʻu ki he maama ki he ngaahi fehalaaki angamaheni te ne lava ʻo fakavaivaiʻi ha palani lelei.

Ko e ha ʻa e ngaahi tefitoʻi maama ʻoku fie maʻu ki ha malaʻe ʻakapulu?

Ko e ngaahi fie maʻu ki he maama ki ha malaʻe ʻakapulu ʻoku ʻikai ko ha mataʻifika pe ʻe taha ka ko ha tuʻunga moʻui ʻoku fekauʻaki mo e tuʻunga ʻo e feʻauhi. Ko e fakahinohino fakamafaiʻi taha ko e FIFA Stadium Lighting Guide, ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakafaʻahinga ʻa e ngaahi vaʻinga ki he ngaahi tuʻunga kehekehe. Ki ha feituʻu fakakolo pe malaʻe fakafiefia ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ki he ngaahi vaʻinga mo e ako fakalotofonua, ʻoku siʻisiʻi ʻaupito ʻa e maama ʻoku fie maʻu, meimei ko e 200 lux. ʻOku feʻunga pe ʻa e tuʻunga ko ʻeni ki he vaʻinga malu mo e fiefia fakafiefia. Ki he ngaahi feʻauhi ʻi he akoʻanga maʻolunga, kolisi, pe kalapu ʻoku ʻi ai ha kau mamata ka ʻoku ʻikai fakamafola televisone, ʻoku lahi ange ʻa e fie maʻu, ʻo faʻa aʻu ki he 500 lux pe lahi ange. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he meʻa ni ha ʻilo lelei ange ki he vave ange ʻo e vaʻinga pea mo e kakai ʻoku mamata ki ai. Ko e ngaahi fie maʻu faingataʻa taha ʻoku tuku pe ia ki he ngaahi feʻauhi fakapalofesinale mo fakavahaʻapuleʻanga, tautautefito ki he ngaahi feʻauhi ʻoku fakamafola ʻi he televisone. ʻOku fuʻu maʻolunga ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi fie maʻu ki ha feʻauhi tuʻukimuʻa hange ko e FIFA World Cup, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi he tuʻunga maʻolunga taha. Kuo pau ke aʻu ʻa e maama ʻi he musie ki he 3500 lux ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku longomoʻui ʻa e musie pea maama lelei ʻa e malaʻe. Ko e meʻa mahuʻinga ange ki he fakamafola ko e maama ʻoku tuʻu ki ʻolunga, ʻa ia ʻoku ne fua ʻa e maama ʻoku to ʻi he mata mo e sino ʻo e kau vaʻinga. Kuo pau pe ʻoku ʻi he 2400 lux ʻeni ki he ngaahi tuʻuʻanga tefito ʻo e meʻafaitaa. ʻOku fakapapauʻi ʻe he ngaahi tuʻunga maʻolunga ko ʻeni ʻoku ʻasi lelei ʻa e kau vaʻinga, mo e lanu mo e fakaikiiki lelei, ki he ngaahi meʻafaitaa ʻoku fakaʻuhingaʻi maʻolunga mo tuai. Kuo pau ke aʻusia ʻe he palani ʻo e mama ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga ko ʻeni kae kei mapuleʻi pau pe ʻa e ngaahi fakangatangata mahuʻinga kehe hange ko e faitatau, ulo mo e kemo.

Ko e ha ʻa e faitatau ʻo e maama pea ko e ha ʻoku mahuʻinga ai?

Ko e faitatau ʻo e maama ko ha meʻafua ia ʻo e tufaki tatau ʻo e mama ʻi he malaʻe vaʻinga. ʻOku mahuʻinga tatau pe ia mo e ngingila fakalukufua. ʻE lava ke maʻolunga ʻa e lux ʻavalisi ʻo e malaʻe ka ʻoku kei kovi pe ʻa e ʻatakai vaʻinga kapau ʻoku loloto ʻa e ngaahi ʻata ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu ʻe niʻihi pea fuʻu maama ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu kehe. ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻa e faitatau ko ha ratio, ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 0 mo e 1. ʻOku ʻi ai ha founga angamaheni ʻe ua ke fakahaaʻi ʻaki ia: U1 ko e ratio ia ʻo e maama siʻisiʻi taha ki he ʻavalisi ʻo e maama (Emin/Eavg). U2 ko e ratio ia ʻo e maama siʻisiʻi taha ki he maama lahi taha (Emin/Emax). ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe ha tuʻunga ʻulungaanga mahuʻinga ofi ange ki he 1 ha tufakiʻanga naunau tatau ange. Hange ko ʻeni, kapau ʻoku ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 650 mo e 700 lux ʻa e ngaahi poini fua kotoa pe ʻi ha malaʻe, ʻoku siʻisiʻi ʻaupito ʻa e faikehekehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e siʻisiʻi taha mo e lahi taha, pea ʻe ofi ʻaupito ʻa e uniformity ratio ki he 1. ʻOku mahuʻinga ʻa e faitatau maʻolunga ki he malu mo e ngaue ʻa e kau vaʻinga. ʻOku ne fakapapauʻi ʻoku ʻikai fie maʻu ke liliu maʻu pe ʻe he tokotaha vaʻinga ʻoku ne muimuiʻi ha foʻi pulu vave ʻene vakai ʻi he ngaʻunu ʻa e foʻi pulu mei ha feituʻu ngingila ki ha fakapoʻuli. ʻOku ne toʻo atu ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu fakapoʻuli puputuʻu ʻi he malaʻe ʻa ia ʻe lava ke mole ai ha taha vaʻinga pe ko e foʻi pulu. ʻI he ngaahi fakamafola televisone, ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻa e faitatau lelei ke maʻu ha ʻimisi fakapalofesinale pea ke taʻofi ʻa e puputuʻu ʻa e meʻafaitaa ʻi he feliliuaki ʻa e mama. ʻOku fie maʻu ʻe he ngaahi tuʻunga moʻui: ko e malaʻe ʻakapulu tuʻunga ʻa e FIFA ki he vaʻinga fakavahaʻapuleʻanga ʻoku faʻa fie maʻu ke faitatau (U1) ko e 0.7 pe maʻolunga ange. Ko hono aʻusia ʻo e tuʻunga tatau ko ʻeni ʻi ha malaʻe lahi mo tapafa ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi tafaʻaki faingataʻa taha ʻo e palani ʻo e maama sipoti pea ʻoku fie maʻu ki ai ʻa e fokotuʻutuʻu totonu mo e taumuʻa ʻo ha ngaahi maama lahi.

Ko e ha ʻa e mafana ʻo e lanu ʻoku lelei taha ki he maama ʻo e malaʻe ʻakapulu?

ʻOku ʻi ai ha ola mahuʻinga ʻo e mafana ʻo e lanu ʻo e mama, ʻa ia ʻoku fua ʻi he Kelvin (K), ʻi he aʻusia ʻa e kau vaʻinga, kau mamata mo e kau mamata televisone. Neongo ko e fokotuʻu fakalukufua ki he ngaahi tuʻunga kotoa pe ʻo e ʻakapulu ko ha mafana ʻo e lanu ʻoku lahi ange ʻi he 4000K, ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻa e fili pau ʻi he tuʻunga ko ia. ʻOku maʻulalo ange ʻa e mafana ʻo e lanu, hange ko e 3000K, ha maama mafana mo engeenga ange. Neongo ʻe lava ke hu lelei ʻeni ki he kakapu, ka ʻe lava foki ke ne ʻai ʻa e malaʻe ke ngali taʻeoli mo siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e longomoʻui. Ki he ʻakapulu, tautautefito ki he ngaahi tuʻunga maʻolunga ange, ko e fili ʻoku fie maʻu ko e maama hinehina mokomoko ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e 5000K ki he 6500K. ʻOku faʻifaʻitaki ofi ʻa e tuʻunga ko ʻeni ki he maama fakanatula ʻo e ʻaho pea ʻoku ne ʻomi ha ngaahi lelei mahuʻinga. ʻOku hanga ʻe he maama ngingila mo ngingila ʻo fakalahi ʻa e faikehekehe, ʻo ʻai ʻa e foʻi pulu hinehina mo e teunga lanu ʻo e kau vaʻinga ke ʻasi lelei ʻi he musie lanu mata. ʻOku tokoni ʻa e faikehekehe lelei ange ko ʻeni ki he kau vaʻinga ke muimuiʻi ʻa e foʻi pulu mo ʻiloʻi vave ange ʻa e meʻa ʻoku fai. Ki he ngaahi fakamafola televisone, ko e 5000K-6500K ʻa e mafana ʻo e lanu ko e tuʻunga angamaheni ia, he ʻoku ne ʻomi ʻa e tonu mo fakanatula taha ʻo e lanu. ʻOku ne ʻai ʻa e musie ke ha lanu mata longomoʻui mo moʻui lelei pea ha fakanatula ʻa e lanu ʻo e kili ʻo e kau vaʻinga. ʻOku faʻa fakamatalaʻi foki ʻa e maama mokomoko ko ʻeni ʻoku longomoʻui ange, ʻa ia ʻe lava ke tokoni ki ha ʻatakai lelei ange ki he kau vaʻinga mo e kau mamata. Ko ia ai, neongo ko e siʻisiʻi taha ʻa e 4000K, ko e taumuʻa ki he 5000K pe maʻolunga ange ko e founga lelei taha ia ki hono fokotuʻu ʻo e maama ʻo e malaʻe ʻakapulu tuʻunga maʻolunga.

Ko e ha ha ngaahi fehalaaki angamaheni ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei ai ʻi he palani ʻo e maama ʻo e malaʻe ʻakapulu?

Naʻa mo ha mahino lelei ki he ngaahi fie maʻu fakatekinikale, ʻe lava ke uesia ʻe ha ngaahi faingataʻa angamaheni ʻa e palani ʻo e mama. ʻOku mahuʻinga ʻa e fakaʻehiʻehi mei he ngaahi fehalaaki ko ʻeni ki hono fakahoko ha ngaue ola lelei ʻoku ne aʻusia ʻa e ngaahi taumuʻa kotoa pe ʻo e ngaue, malu mo e fetuʻutaki fakakolo. Ko e ʻuluaki fehalaaki lahi ko e taʻetokanga ki he ʻuli ʻo e mama. ʻE lava ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe ha fuʻu malaʻe vaʻinga lahi ʻa e malohi LED ʻo aʻu ki he 60,000 ki he 100,000 watts. ʻE lava ke mafola atu ha konga lahi ʻo e maama ko ʻeni ʻo fakalaka atu ʻi he ngaahi ngataʻanga ʻo e malaʻe vaʻinga. ʻE lava ke ulo atu ʻa e maama ko ʻeni ki he ngaahi matapa sioʻata ʻo e ngaahi ʻapi ofi mai, ʻo uesia ai ʻa e mohe mo e tuʻunga ʻo e moʻui ʻa e kakai ʻoku nofo ai. ʻE lava foki ke ne fakatupu ha ulo lahi ki he kau fakaʻuli ʻi he ngaahi hala hoko mai, ʻo fakakuihi fakataimi kinautolu pea fakatupu ha fakatuʻutamaki lahi ki he malu ʻa e kau lue lalo mo e kau fakaʻuli. Ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei he meʻa ni, kuo pau ke fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe ha palani lelei ʻa e ngaahi naunau ʻoku tonu ʻa e optics mo e anti-glare. ʻOku puleʻi fefeka ʻe he ngaahi sioʻata mo e ngaahi meʻa fakaʻata ko ʻeni ʻa e fuʻu ʻata, ʻo tataki ʻa e mama ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku fie maʻu ai ʻi he malaʻe pea fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e maumau mo e mahua ʻa e meʻa ʻoku mahua. ʻE lava foki ke tokoni hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e ngaahi maama ʻoku siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e ngaahi tuliki ʻo e beam ke tokanga taha ki he mama mo fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e movetevete. Ko e fehalaaki angamaheni hono ua ko e taʻetokanga ki he moʻui mo e fakamole ki hono tokangaʻi ʻo e mama. Neongo ʻoku mahuʻinga ange ʻa e mahuʻinga fakaʻekonomika ko e fakamole fakakatoa ʻo e koloa. ʻOku totonu ke fakamuʻomuʻa ʻe he kau maʻu malaʻe vaʻinga ʻa e maama ʻoku tolonga loloa ʻaupito. ʻOku ʻikai ngata pe ʻi he fakamole lahi ʻa hono toutou fetongi ʻo e ngaahi mama ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e naunau ka ʻoku toe fie maʻu foki mo ha meʻangaue mamafa ki hono hiki hake ʻo e mama. Ko ha fakaʻaiʻai lelei ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi maama LED tuʻunga maʻolunga, mo e houa ʻe 80,000 pe lahi ange. Kapau ʻe fakalele ʻi he houa ʻe 8 ʻi he ʻaho, ʻe tolonga ʻa e faʻahinga polokalama pehee ʻo laka hake ʻi he taʻu ʻe 27, ʻo meimei toʻo ai ʻa e fakamole ki hono tokangaʻi pea ʻoatu ha ngaahi taʻu lahi ʻo e ngaue falalaʻanga.

Ko e ha ʻoku hoko ai ʻa e flicker ko ha palopalema ʻoku ʻikai tali ʻi he maama ʻo onopooni?

Ko e meʻa mahuʻinga mo ʻikai faʻa fakamahuʻingaʻi ʻo e palani ʻo e mama, tautautefito ki he ngaahi malaʻe vaʻinga ʻoku fakahoko ai ʻa e ngaahi polokalama televisone. ʻOku ʻuhinga ʻa e flicker ki he vave mo toutou fetoʻaki ʻi he maama ʻoku maʻu. Neongo ʻoku fuʻu vave ʻa e ngaahi fetoʻaki ko ʻeni ke fakatokangaʻi ʻe he mata ʻo e tangata, ka ʻoku ʻi ai ʻenau uesia lahi mo fakatuʻutamaki ki he ngaahi meʻafaitaa. ʻI he malumalu ʻo e ngaahi meʻangaue vave mo mamalie ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ki he ngaahi fakamafola sipoti ʻo onoponi, ʻe lava ke fakatupu ʻe ha maʻuʻanga maama ʻoku kemo ha ola stroboscopic. ʻOku hanga ʻe he meʻa ni ʻo ʻai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku ngaʻunu vave, hange ko ha foʻi ʻakapulu ʻoku puna pe vaʻe ʻo ha tokotaha vaʻinga lolotonga ha ʻakahi, ʻo hange ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi ʻimisi "faʻahinga" pe ko ha hala ʻoku ne tohoakiʻi ʻa e tokanga ʻi honau tuʻa. ʻOku maumauʻi ʻe he meʻa ni ʻa e aʻusia ʻo e mamata, ʻo ʻai ʻa e vaʻinga ke ha taʻefakapalofesinale pea faingataʻa ki he kau mamata ke nau muimuiʻi lelei ʻa e meʻa ʻoku fai. ʻI he lolotonga ʻo e ngaahi vaʻinga ʻi he taimi pe ko ia, ʻe lava ʻe ha maama kemo ʻo ʻai ke taʻemahino ʻa e hala ʻo e foʻi pulu pea fakavaivaiʻi ai ʻa e falalaʻanga ʻo e fakamafola. Ke taʻofi ʻeni, kuo pau ke fokotuʻutuʻu ʻa e maama ʻaki ʻa e tekinolosia ʻoku ʻikai kemo. ʻOku aʻusia ʻeni ʻaki hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻuli LED tuʻunga maʻolunga ʻoku ne ʻomi ha ʻau lelei mo tuʻumaʻu ki he LEDs, ʻo taʻofi ai ha fanga kiʻi feliliuaki iiki ʻi he output ʻo e mama. ʻOku aʻusia ʻe he ngaahi maama sipoti LED ngaue maʻolunga, hange ko ia naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu ki he ngaahi tuʻunga fakamafola fakavahaʻapuleʻanga, ha vave ʻo e kemo ʻo siʻi hifo ʻi he 0.3%. ʻOku ʻikai lava ke fakatokangaʻi ʻa e tuʻunga taʻeueʻia ko ʻeni ʻe he ngaahi meʻafaitaa pelepelengesi taha, ʻo fakapapauʻi ʻoku masila, mahino, mo fakapalofesinale ʻa e ʻata kotoa pe ʻo e fakamafola, ʻo tatau ai pe pe ko e ha e vave ʻo e ngaue. ʻI hono fakamuʻomuʻa ʻa e palani ʻo e flicker-free, ʻoku fakapapauʻi ai ʻe ha malaʻe vaʻinga ʻoku mateuteu ki he ngaahi fie maʻu ʻa e televisone ʻo onoponi.

Ngaahi Fehuʻi ʻOku Faʻa ʻEke Fekauʻaki mo e Palani ʻo e Maama ʻo e Malaʻe ʻAkapulu

Ko e ha ʻa e faikehekehe ʻo e horizontal mo e vertical lightance?

ʻOku fua ʻe he maama horizontal ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku to ʻi he feituʻu vaʻinga horizontal (ko e musie). ʻOku ne fakapapauʻi ʻoku maama lelei ʻa e malaʻe. ʻOku fua ʻe he maama tuʻu ʻa e maama ʻoku to ʻi ha vakapuna ʻoku tuʻu ki ʻolunga, hange ko e mata pe sino ʻo e tokotaha vaʻinga. ʻOku mahuʻinga ia ki he fakamafola televisone koeʻuhi he ʻoku ne fakapapauʻi ʻa e tuʻunga lelei ʻo e sio ki he kau vaʻinga ʻe he ngaahi meʻafaitaa. Kuo pau ke ʻomi ʻe ha maama lelei ha ngaahi tuʻunga feʻunga ʻo e ongo meʻa fakatouʻosi.

Ko e lux ʻe fiha ʻoku fie maʻu ʻe ha malaʻe ʻakapulu ʻi he akoʻanga maʻolunga?

ʻOku fie maʻu ʻe he malaʻe ʻakapulu ʻa e ako maʻolunga ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ki he ngaahi feʻauhi fakalukufua mo e ako vaʻinga ha maama fakahangatonu ʻoku fakafuofua ki he 500 lux. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he tuʻunga ko ʻeni ha sio lelei ki he kau vaʻinga mo e kau ʻofisa pea ʻoku feʻunga ia ki he kau mamata ʻi he tuʻunga. Kapau ʻoku toe fakaʻaongaʻi foki ʻa e malaʻe ki he ngaahi polokalama televisone, ʻe maʻolunga ange ʻa e ngaahi fie maʻu, ʻo faʻa 1000 lux pe lahi ange.

ʻE lava nai ke u fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e maama tatau ki ha malaʻe vaʻinga fakakolo mo ha malaʻe vaʻinga fakapalofesinale?

ʻIkai, ʻikai ʻaupito. ʻOku kehekehe ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi fie maʻu ʻa e maama ki ha malaʻe fakakolo (fakafuofua ki he 200 lux) mo ha malaʻe fakamafola fakapalofesinale (ʻo aʻu ki he 3500 lux mo e faitatau maʻolunga mo e ngaahi fie maʻu ʻo e flicker). Ko hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo ha palani fakapalofesinale ʻi ha malaʻe fakakolo ʻe fuʻu totuʻa mo mamafa ʻaupito. Ko hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo ha palani fakakolo ʻi ha malaʻe vaʻinga fakapalofesinale he ʻikai ke ne aʻusia ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻo e fakamafola pea ʻe ʻikai malu ia ki he kau vaʻinga. ʻOku fie maʻu ʻe he ngaue takitaha ha palani ʻoku feʻunga.