Understanding the Critical Role of Light Quality in Plant Development

He nui ake te mārama i te pūtake pūngao noa iho mō ngā tipu. He tohu taiao matatini, ātaahua hoki e whakahaere ana i ngā wāhanga katoa o te oranga o te tipu, mai i te tipu kākano ki te puawai me te hua. Ahakoa he tino nui te nui o te mārama—tōna kaha, te kiato whakaahua rānei (PFD)—mō te taraiwa i te whakaahuatanga, he rite tonu te hira o te mārama—tōna hanganga tūāwhiorangi, te roangaru rānei—hei kaiwhakahaere o te tipu me te whanaketanga o te tipu. Kua whakawhanake ngā tipu i ngā pūnaha whakaahua mātauranga e āhei ai rātou ki te rongo i ngā huringa māheahea i roto i te taiao mārama, tae atu ki tōna tae, aronga, me te roanga. Ko ēnei photoreceptors, pēnei i ngā phytochromes (tairongo ki te rama whero me te whero tawhiti), ngā cryptochromes (tairongo ki te kikorangi me te rama UV-A), me ngā phototropins (tairongo ki te rama kikorangi), ka mahi hei whakakā rāpoi ngota. Ina ngongo rātou i te mārama o tētahi roangaru motuhake, ka whakaoho rātou i tētahi hūkere o ngā tohu ka taea te whakarerekē i te kīanga ira, ngā taumata taiaki, me te mutunga, te wetewete me te āhua o te tipu. Mā tēnei tukanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te photomorphogenesis, e whakarite kia taea e te tipu te urutau ki ōna taiao, te arotau i tōna hanganga mō te hopu mārama, te whakataetae ki ngā hoa noho tata, me te whakarite tika i tōna huringa whakaputa. Ko te tūāwhiorangi kōmaru e tae ana ki te mata o te Ao he tāhei whānui, e wehea ana ki te hihi ultraviolet (UV, <400 nm), te mārama ari, te hihi hohe whakaahua rānei (PAR, 400-700 nm), me te hihi pōkākā (>700 nm). Heoi anō, ehara i te mea ka urupare ngā tipu ki te tūāwhiorangi katoa anake, engari ki ngā wae tauwhāiti i roto. Ka tūhura tēnei aratohu i ngā pānga hōhonu, ā, i te nuinga o te wā o ngā tāhei rama monochromatic matua e rima—whero, kikorangi, kākāriki, kōwhai, me UV—i runga i te tipu tipu, e tātuhi ana i ngā tekau tau o te rangahau whakaahua.

He pēhea te whakaawe a te rama whero (600-700 nm) i te tipu me te whanaketanga o te tipu?

Ko te rama whero, e noho ana i te awhe 600-700 nm o te tūāwhiorangi, ko tētahi o ngā roangaru tino kaha mō te whakaahuatanga me te atekōkiri matua o ngā urupare whakaahua. E mōhiotia nuitia ana e ngā phytochromes, e tīari ana i roto i ngā momo tahuri e rua: Pr (ngongo whero) me Pfr (ngongo whero-tawhiti). E whakaarotia ana te puka Pfr ko te āhua hohe koiora. He hōhonu, he rerekē hoki ngā pānga o te rama whero ki te wetewete tipu. I te nuinga o te wā ka tautāwhi i te whakaroanga o te internode, e ahu ana ki ngā tipu kiato ake. Ka whakatairanga i te peka lateral me te tillering, e whakanui ana i te āhua bushy o te tipu. E ai ki te whanaketanga, ka taea e te rama whero te whakaroa i te rerekētanga putiputi i ētahi momo. He nui hoki tōna mahi ki te whakanui ake i te whakamōhiotanga o ngā pigment matua, tae atu ki ngā anthocyanins, chlorophylls, me ngā carotenoids, e tino hiahiatia ana mō te hopu mārama me te parenga whakaahua. Hei tauira, ka taea e te rama whero te whakaputa i te whakaahua tōrunga i roto i ngā pakiaka Arabidopsis, e ārahi ana i a rātou i te mata oneone. I tua atu i te wetewete, he pānga tōrunga te rama whero ki te kaha o te tipu ki te ātete i ngā hauora koiora (hei tauira, ngā pathogens) me te abiotic (hei tauira, te taurakitanga, te mātao), i te nuinga o te wā mā te whakaawe i te whakanaotanga o ngā pūhui ārai me ngā taiaki e pā ana ki te hau. Heoi anō, ehara te urupare rama whero i te pateko; E whārite hihiri ana e tōna hoa, te rama whero tawhiti.

He aha te tūnga o te rama whero tawhiti (700-800 nm) me te ōwehenga R/FR?

Ko te rama whero tawhiti, ahakoa he iti noa iho te āwhina ki te whakaahua hāngai, ka whai wāhi nui ki te whakahaere i ngā pānga o te rama whero mā te pūnaha phytochrome. Ko te ōwehenga o te whero ki te rama whero tawhiti (R/FR) he tohu taiao tino nui mō ngā tipu, otirā ki te kite i te tāuriuri mai i ngā otaota noho tata. I te rā katoa, he tiketike te ōwehenga R/FR. Ina uriuria te tipu e ētahi atu rau, e ngongo ana i te rama whero mō te whakaahua, engari ka tuku i te rama whero tawhiti, ka heke te ōwehenga R/FR. Mā tēnei "syndrome karo marumaru" e whakaoho i ngā urupare. Ka heke pea te ōwehenga R/FR iti i te kaha whakaahua, e kitea ana i roto i ngā pīni tākihi. I te nuinga o te wā ka nui ake te whakaroanga o te tātā, i te wā e ngana ana te tipu ki te tipu i runga ake i ōna tauwhāinga, tae atu ki ngā huringa o te wetewete rau. Kua whakaaturia e ngā mātauranga mā te tāpiri i te rama kōauau mā ki te hihi whero tawhiti (hei tauira, me te taumata i te 734 nm) ka taea te whakaiti i te ihirangi anthocyanin, carotenoid, me te chlorophyll i ētahi tipu me te whakanui ake i te taumahatanga hou, te taumaha maroke, te roa o te tātā, me te horahanga rau. Ko tēnei whakarei ake i te tipu mai i te FR tāpiri, tērā pea nā te nui ake o te māramatanga o ngā rau nui ake ināianei. Ko ngā tipu e tipu ana i raro i ngā here R/FR iti ka nui ake, ka mātotoru ake, me te nui ake o te biomass me te whakarei ake i te urutaunga mātao i whakaritea ki ērā e tipu ana i raro i te R/FR tiketike. Ka taea hoki e te ōwehenga R/FR te whakarerekē i te manawanui tote o te tipu, e whakaatu ana i te awe hōhonu o tēnei toenga tūāwhiowhio ki te hauora me te manawanui o te tipu. Ko te whakawhitiwhiti i waenganui i te rama whero me te whero tawhiti he tauira tauhira o te āhua o te kounga o te mārama, ehara i te nui anake, e whakatau ana i te āhua me te taumahi o te tipu.

He aha te Rama Kikorangi (400-500 nm) i tino nui ai mō te tipu tipu hauora?

He tino nui te rama kikorangi mō te whanaketanga tipu pūnoa, ā, ka kitea e ngā photoreceptors motuhake tae atu ki ngā cryptochromes me ngā phototropins. He rerekē ōna pānga, he whakahāngai hoki ki ērā o te rama whero. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te whakanui ake i te hautanga o te rama kikorangi i roto i te tūāwhiorangi whānui, ka poto ake, he iti ake te roa o te kōpae, he iti iho ngā wāhi rau, me te iti iho te tere o te tipu i whakaritea ki ngā tipu i tipu i raro i te rama whero anake. Ka whakaawe hoki i ngā ōwehenga metabolic, i te nuinga o te wā e whakanui ana i te ōwehenga hauota-ki-te-waro (N/C). I tētahi taumata ā-tinana taketake, e hiahiatia ana te rama kikorangi mō te kōtuitanga tika o te chlorophyll me te hanganga o ngā chloroplasts hauora. Ko ngā chloroplasts i hangaia i raro i te rama kikorangi, he nui ake te ōwehenga chlorophyll a/b me ngā taumata carotenoid iti iho. Ko te tūranga nui o te rama kikorangi e tino whakaahuatia ana i roto i tōna tauwhitinga ki te whakaahuatanga. Hei tauira, ka āta whakapeka te mokatere whakaahua o ngā pūtau algae e tipu ana i raro i te rama whero motukore. Heoi anō, ka tere te whakaora o tēnei mokatere ina nekehia ki te rama kikorangi, ina tāpirihia rānei ētahi rama kikorangi ki te papamuri whero. Waihoki, ina whakawhitia ngā pūtau tupeka pōuri ki te mārama kikorangi motukore, ka nui haere te nui me te ngohe o Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), te whākōkī matua o te whakaahuatanga, ka nui haere te nui o te taumaha maroke o te pūtau. I raro i te rama whero motukore, he pōturi rawa tēnei pikinga. E whakaatu ana ēnei whakamātautau mō te whakaahua pakari me te tipu, he iti rawa te rama whero anake. Hei tauira, ka taea e te witi te whakaoti i tōna huringa ora i raro i tētahi pūtake LED whero kotahi, engari kia taea ai ngā tipu tiketike, whai hua me te nui o ngā kākano, me tāpiri he rama kikorangi tika. Ko ngā akoranga mō te rētihi, te pīkaokao, me te rīhi e whakaatu tonu ana he nui ake ngā hua i raro i te pahekotanga o te rama whero me te kikorangi i raro i te rama whero anake, ā, e ōrite ana ki ērā i tutuki i raro i ngā rama kōauau mātao. Heoi anō, he kī te whārite; Ka taea e te rama kikorangi nui te tautāwhi i te tipu, ā, ka iti rawa te wāhi rau me te taumaha maroke katoa. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā tipu i ngā rerekētanga nui o te momo i roto i tō rātou hiahia rama kikorangi tino pai.

He aha ngā pānga matatini, tūturu hoki o te rama kākāriki (500-600 nm)?

Ko te tūranga o te rama kākāriki i roto i te whanaketanga o te tipu he kaupapa taupatupatu nui me te rangahau, i ētahi wā e puta ana i ngā hua tūturu. Ka puta mai tēnei matatini i tētahi wāhanga nā te mea ka rerekē te whakamāramatanga o te "rama kākāriki", i te nuinga o te wā e hāngai ana i ngā roangaru mai i te 500 ki te 600 nm, kei roto ko tētahi wāhanga o te tūāwhiorangi kōwhai. Mō ngā tau maha, he āhua hē te mārama kākāriki, nā te mea he nui ake te whakaata i te rama whero, kikorangi rānei, ā, he iti iho te pai o te ngongo e te chlorophyll. Heoi anō, kua whakaaturia mai e te rangahau i roto i ngā tau e rima tekau tau kua kitea he pānga nui, ahurei hoki te rama kākāriki, i te nuinga o te wā e ātete ana, e kōwae ana rānei i ngā urupare e aia ana e te rama whero me te kikorangi. Kua kitea e ētahi rangahau ngā pānga ārai. Hei tauira, he iti iho te taumaha maroke o ngā kākano tōmato i tipu i raro i te rama mā (he whero, he kikorangi, he kākāriki) i tērā o ngā kākano i tipu i raro i te rama whero me te kikorangi anake. Nā te tātaritanga tūāwhiowhio i roto i te ahurea kikokiko i huatau ko te rama kākāriki me te taumata huri noa i te 550 nm pea te kounga mārama tino kino mō te tipu. I roto i ngā marigolds, mā te tango i te rama kākāriki mai i te tūāwhiorangi i whakarei ake i te puawai, i a ia e tāpiri ana i te puawai i ētahi atu momo pēnei i te Dianthus me te rētihi. Ko ngā tipu e tipu ana i raro i te mārama tūāwhiorangi katoa me te rama kākāriki tāpiri, he poto ake, ā, kua whakahekea te taumaha hou, maroke hoki. Heoi anō, ko ētahi atu akoranga e pūrongo ana i ngā pānga whakatairanga tipu. I kitea e Kim et al. i te tāpiritanga o te rama kākāriki ki tētahi papamuri LED whero-kikorangi, ka tautāwhitia te tipu tipu mēnā he nui ake te rama kākāriki i te 50%, engari i whakarei ake i te wā he iti iho i te 24% te wāhanga o te rama kākāriki. I kitea e rātau te pikinga o te taumaha maroke o te rētihi i runga i te whenua me te tāpiri i te rama kākāriki. Tērā anō, ka taea e ngā mokowhiti poto o te rama kākāriki te whakatere i te whakaroanga o te tātā i roto i ngā kākano pōuri, ā, i whakaaturia te mahinga o Arabidopsis me te mokowhiti poto o te rama kākāriki mai i tētahi pūtake LED hei whakarerekē i te kīanga ira plastid me te whakanui ake i te tere o te tipu o te tātā. E hua ana tētahi arotakenga whānui o te whakaahua tipu kei ngā tipu tētahi pūnaha kitenga kākāriki whakaihi e mahi hāngai ana ki ngā pūoko whero me te kikorangi hei whakarite i te tupu me te whanaketanga, e whakaawe ana i ngā mea katoa mai i te whakatuwheratanga kōtomato ki te kīanga ira chloroplast. Tērā pea i takea mai ngā kitenga tūturu i ngā rerekētanga o ngā roangaru tauwhāiti i whakamahia, te wāhanga o te rama kākāriki e pā ana ki ētahi atu tae, me te momo tipu e tūhuratia ana.

He pēhea te pānga o te rama kōwhai (580-600 nm) me te hihi UV ki ngā tipu?

Ki te whakatauritea ki te rama whero me te kikorangi, he iti iho te ako i ngā pānga o te rama kōwhai (tata ki te 580-600 nm), engari ko te rangahau tīariari e tohu ana he mahi ārai i te nuinga o te wā. Kua whakaaturia e ngā mātauranga e uiui ana i ngā pānga o ngā tāhei rerekē i runga i te rētihi e tautāwhi ana te rama kōwhai i te tipu. Ko te rerekētanga o te tipu tipu i kitea i raro i ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike ki ngā rama konganuku konganuku, ko te rama kōwhai te take tautāwhi. Heoi anō, i whakaaturia e te rangahau mō ngā kukama ko te rama kōwhai (me te taumata i te 595 nm) i kaha ake te tautāwhi i te tipu i te rama kākāriki (taumata i te 520 nm). Ko te kore rawa o ngā tuhinga i runga i te rama kōwhai, nā te mea ka whakarārangitia e ētahi kairangahau te awhe 500-600 nm hei "rama kākāriki," e whakapouri ana i ngā pānga tauwhāiti o te wāhanga kōwhai o te tūāwhiorangi.

Ko te hihi ultraviolet (UV), otirā ko UV-B (280-320 nm), he pānga kaha, he maha hoki ngā pānga ki ngā tipu. I te nuinga o te wā, ka mahi te UV-B hei hauā. Ka taea e ia te whakaiti i te horahanga rau, te tautāwhi i te whakaroanga o te hypocotyl (tātā), me te whakaheke i te whakaahuatanga me te hua katoa, ka nui ake te mōrearea o ngā tipu ki te whakaeke pathogen. Heoi anō, ka whakamahia hoki e ngā tipu te UV-B hei tohu taiao hei whakaoho i ngā urupare parenga. Ka pai te poapoa a UV-B i te kōtuitanga o ngā flavonoids me ngā anthocyanins, e mahi ana hei ārai ārai, e pare ana i ngā kikokiko tipu hōhonu ake i te tūkinotanga. Ka taea hoki e ia te whakapakari i ngā tikanga ārai ahuwhānui. Ahakoa ka whakahekea pea te ihirangi o ngā pūhui whai hua pēnei i te waikawa ascorbic (huaora C) me te β-carotene i ētahi take, ka pai te whakatairanga i te whakaputa anthocyanin. I te nuinga o te wā ka hua ngā pānga morphological o te mārakerake UV-B ki tētahi āhuatanga tipu whito me ngā rau iti, mātotoru, ngā petioles poto, me te nui ake o te peka axillary. Ko te ōwehenga o te UV-B ki te hihi hohe whakaahua (UV-B/PAR) he whakatau nui o te urupare tipu. Ka whakaawe tahi te UV-B me te PAR i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te wetewete me te hua hinu o te mint, e miramira ana i te hiranga o te ako i ēnei pānga i raro i ngā āhuatanga mārama tūturu. He mea nui kia mōhio koe he maha ngā akoranga taiwhanga o ngā pānga UV-B e whakamahi ana i ngā taumata UV-B teitei ake me te PAR papamuri iti iho i te mea e kitea ana i roto i te āhua, he uaua ki te whakaputa hāngai i ā rātou kitenga ki ngā here āpure. Ko te tikanga ka whakamahia e ngā akoranga āpure ētahi atu huarahi ātaahua, pēnei i te tāpiri, te tātari rānei i te UV-B kia mārama ai ki tōna pānga tūturu.

Ngā pātai auau mō te mārama monochromatic me te tipu tipu

Ka taea e ngā tipu te tipu i raro i te rama whero me te kikorangi anake?

Āe, he maha ngā tipu ka taea te whakaoti i tō rātou huringa ora katoa i raro i te rama whero me te kikorangi anake, nā te mea koinei ngā roangaru tino pai rawa atu e rua. Heoi anō, e whakaatu ana te rangahau mā te tāpiri i te iti o te rama kākāriki (iti iho i te 24%) ka taea te whakarei ake i te tipu me te biomass i ētahi momo, tērā pea mā te tuku i te mārama kia hōhonu ake ki roto i te kākano tipu, mā te whakaoho i ngā urupare whakaahua tāpiri kāore i whakahohea e te rama whero, kikorangi anake.

He aha te syndrome karo marumaru i roto i ngā tipu?

Ko te karo uriuri he huinga urupare ka whakaohotia ina kitea e te tipu tētahi ōwehenga mārama whero ki te whero tawhiti (R/FR), e tohu ana i te aroaro o ngā otaota noho tata. Ka whakamāramatia tēnei e te tipu hei tuma o te marumaru, ā, ka urupare mā te whakaroa i ōna tātā me ōna petioles kia tipu ake i runga ake i ngā tauwhāinga, te whakaiti i te peka, ā, i ētahi wā ka whakatere i te puawai. Ahakoa he āwhina i te mohoao, ka kore pea tēnei e hiahiatia i roto i te ahuwhenua whakahaere, e ahu ana ki ngā tipu waewae, ngoikore.

He whai hua, he kino rānei te rama UV mō ngā tipu?

He tūranga takirua tō te rama UV, otirā ko UV-B. I te kaha tiketike, he kino, ka tūkino i te DNA, ka whakaiti i te whakaahuatanga, me te tautāwhi i te tipu. Heoi anō, i ngā taumata iti iho, e hāngai ana ki te rauropi, ka mahi hei tohu taiao hira. Ka whakaohooho i te whakanaotanga o ngā pūhui ārai pēnei i te flavonoids me te anthocyanins, e taea ai te whakarei ake i te tae tipu, te whakanui ake i te manawanui o te hau, me te whakapai ake i te kounga kai o ētahi hua mā te whakarewa i ngā taumata antioxidant.