Mahino ʻa e Ngaahi Pou ʻe Fa ʻo e Fua ʻo e Ngingila ʻo e LED

ʻI he taimi ʻoku tau talanoa ai ki he "ngingila" ʻo ha maama LED, ʻoku tau faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ha foʻi lea angamaheni ʻe lava ke ʻuhinga ki ha ngaahi meʻa kehekehe ʻi he ngaahi tukunga kehekehe. Ko e lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku tafe mai mei he foʻi ʻuhila? Ko e malohi ʻo e fuʻu ʻakau ʻoku fakatefito ʻi ha feituʻu pau? Pe ko e tuʻunga ʻo e maama ʻi ho tesi pe ʻi ha malaʻe ʻakapulu? ʻOku ʻikai ko ha meʻa noaʻia pe ʻa e ngaahi faikehekehe ko ʻeni ki he kau faʻu mama, kau ʻenisinia, mo e kau specifiers; ʻoku nau mahuʻinga. Ke fakamatalaʻi, fakafehoanaki mo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e maama LED, ʻoku tau fakafalala ki he lahi ʻo e photometric kehekehe ʻe fa: flux ʻo e mama, malohi ʻo e mama, ngingila (luminance), mo e mama. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi meʻafua takitaha ko ʻeni ha konga kehekehe ʻo e pasolo, ʻo tali ha fehuʻi kehekehe fekauʻaki mo e ngaue ʻa e mama. ʻOku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e output fakakatoa, ʻoku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e malohi ʻo e directional, ʻoku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e meʻa ʻoku to ʻi ha funga, pea ʻoku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e founga ʻoku ha mai ai ha funga. ʻOku mahuʻinga ʻa e taukei ʻi he ngaahi fakakaukau ko ʻeni ʻe fa ki ha taha pe ʻoku kau ʻi hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e ngaahi maama ʻo e mama, mei ha kiʻi maama tesi faingofua ki ha malaʻe vaʻinga faingataʻa. ʻE demystify ʻe he fakahinohino ko ʻeni ʻa e ngaahi founga fikaʻi ʻo e ngingila LED ʻe fa, ʻo ʻomi ha ngaahi fakaʻuhinga mahino, ngaahi fotunga, ngaahi ʻiuniti, mo e ngaahi sipinga ʻaonga ʻo ʻenau fakaʻaongaʻi.

Ko e ha ʻa e maama flux pea ʻoku anga fefe hono fikaʻi?

Ko e maama flux ko e tefitoʻi meʻafua ia ʻo e maama ʻoku maʻu. ʻOku ne quantifies ʻa e lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku ʻasi mai ʻe ha maʻuʻanga tokoni ʻi he ʻiuniti ʻo e taimi. Fakakaukau ki ai ko e "tafe mai" kakato ia ʻo e maama mei ha mama, ʻo tatau ai pe pe ko e ha e feituʻu ʻoku fononga ki ai. Ko ha meʻafua ia ʻo e kotoa ʻo e mama, ʻo hoko ai ko e fakaʻilonga fakahangatonu taha ia ʻo e malohi fakalukufua ʻo ha maʻuʻanga mama ke maʻu ha mama. Ko e ʻiuniti ʻo e maama flux ko e lumen (lm). ʻI he taimi ʻoku ke fakatau ai ha foʻi ʻuhila LED pea ke sio ʻoku fakahingoa ko e "800 lumens," ko e maama ʻeni ʻoku tafe mai—ʻa e lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku tuku mai ʻe he foʻi ʻuhila ʻi he feituʻu kotoa pe. Neongo ia, ʻoku faingataʻa ange hono fikaʻi ʻo e flux ʻo e maama ʻi he meʻa ʻoku ha mai, koeʻuhi he ʻoku ʻikai ke fakatokangaʻi tatau ʻe he mata ʻo e tangata ʻa e ngaahi wavelength kotoa ʻo e mama. ʻOku tau ongoʻingofua taha ʻa e maama lanu mata-engeenga ʻi he 555 nm pea siʻisiʻi ange ʻetau ongoʻingofua ʻa e maama kulokula pe lanu puluu. Ko ia ai, ko e flux ʻo e maama ko ha meʻafua mamafa ia. ʻOku fikaʻi ia ʻaki hono toʻo ʻa e malohi ʻo e maama (ko e ivi fakatuʻasino) ʻo e maʻuʻanga mama ʻi he wavelength takitaha pea fakalahi ia ʻaki ha meʻa ʻoku ne fakafofongaʻi ʻa e ongoʻingofua ʻe he mata ki he wavelength ko ia. ʻOku ʻiloa ʻa e meʻa ko ʻeni ko e lavameʻa ʻo e maama ʻo e spectral, ʻa ia ʻoku fakaʻilongaʻi ko e V(λ). Ko e founga totonu ki he maama flux (Φ) ko e: Φ = Km ∫ Φ(λ) · V(λ) dλ, ʻa ia ko e Φ(λ) ko e spectral radiant flux, V(λ) ko e lavameʻa ʻo e maama ʻo e spectral, pea ko e Km ko ha tuʻu maʻu (683 lm/W) ʻoku ne fakafofongaʻi ʻa e lahi taha ʻo e ola lelei ʻo e maama ʻi he tumutumu ʻo e ongoʻingofua wavelength ʻo e 555 nm. Ko hono moʻoni, ʻoku liliu ʻe he founga ko ʻeni ʻa e malohi fakatuʻasino ki ha meʻafua ʻo e ngingila ʻoku ʻiloʻi ʻe he sisitemi sio ʻa e tangata.

Ko e ha ʻa e maama malohi pea ʻoku kehe fefe ia mei he flulux?

Neongo ʻoku talamai ʻe he maama ʻa e maama fakakatoa ʻoku maʻu, ka ʻoku ʻikai ke ne talamai ʻa e founga ʻoku tufaki ai ʻa e maama ko ia. ʻE lava ke hoko ʻa e maama lumen ʻe 1000 ko ha foʻi ʻuhila ʻoku ne fana ʻa e maama ʻi he feituʻu kotoa pe, pe ko ha maama ʻoku tokanga maʻu. Ko e maama malohi ko e meʻafua ia ʻoku ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e lahi ʻo e mama ʻi ha feituʻu pau. ʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi ia ko e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku tuku mai ʻe ha maʻuʻanga tokoni ʻi he tuliki fefeka ʻi ha feituʻu pau. Ko e tuliki fefeka ko ha tuliki ʻe tolu, fua ʻi he steradians (sr), ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e "cone" ʻo e maama ʻoku mafola mei ha poini. Fakakaukau ki ha kasa: ko hono maama ʻoku feʻunga mo e 300 lumens fakakatoa, ka ʻoku maʻolunga ʻaupito ʻa e maama ʻi he lotolotonga koeʻuhi he ʻoku fakatefito ʻa e 300 lumens ko ia ʻi ha koni fasiʻi. Ko e ʻiuniti ʻo e maama malohi ko e candela (cd). ʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻa e candela ʻe taha ko e lumen ʻe taha ki he steradian (1 cd = 1 lm/sr). Ko e fekauʻaki ʻa e flux mo e malohi ʻoku geometric. Kapau ʻoku ʻi ai haʻo maʻuʻanga maama ʻoku ne emits uniformly ʻene flux ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu kotoa pe (ko ha maʻuʻanga tokoni isotropic), te ke lava ʻo fikaʻi hono malohi ʻaki hono vahevahe ʻa e flux fakakatoa ʻaki ʻa e tuliki fefeka fakakatoa ʻo ha fuopotopoto, ʻa ia ko e 4π steradians. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe maʻu ʻe ha maʻuʻanga tokoni isotropic 1000-lumen ha malohi ʻo e 1000 lm / 4π sr ≈ 79.6 cd ʻi ha faʻahinga feituʻu pe. Ko hono moʻoni, ko e lahi taha ʻo e ngaahi maʻuʻanga tokoni LED ʻoku ʻikai isotropic. ʻOku kehekehe pe ʻa e malohi ʻo fakatatau ki he feituʻu. ʻOku fakafoki koe ʻe he fakakatoa ʻo e malohi ʻi he tafaʻaki kotoa pe, ʻa ia ʻoku fakatahaʻi ʻi he fuopotopoto kotoa, ki he maama fakakatoa. Ko e maama malohi ko e meʻafua mahuʻinga ia ki he mahino mo e fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e ngaahi tuliki ʻo e beam, reflectors, mo e sioʻata.

Ko e ha ʻa e ngingila (luminance) pea ʻoku fua fefe ia?

ʻOku ui ʻa e ngingila ʻi he ngaahi lea fakatekinikale ko e luminance. Neongo ʻoku faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ʻi he fetalanoaʻaki, ka ʻoku ʻi ai hono fakaʻuhinga fakasaienisi pau ʻo e luminance. Ko e fua ia ʻo e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku tuku mai, ʻave pe ʻata mei ha fukahi feituʻu ʻi ha feituʻu pau. ʻI hono fakalea ʻe taha, ʻoku ne quantifies ʻa e "ngingila" ʻo ha funga ki ha taha ʻoku sio ki ai mei ha tuliki pau. Ko ha faikehekehe mahuʻinga ʻeni mei he mama, ʻa ia ʻoku ne fuatautau ʻa e maama ʻoku to ʻi ha funga. ʻOku fua ʻe he maama ʻa e maama ʻoku mavahe mei he funga ko ia (pe ko ha maʻuʻanga maama tonu) ʻo fononga ki he mata. Ko e ʻiuniti ʻo e luminance ko e candela ki he sikuea mita (cd/m²), ʻoku faʻa ui foki ko e "nit." ʻOku kau ʻi he fakaʻuhinga totonu ʻa e malohi ʻo e maama (I) ʻoku tuku mai ʻe ha ʻelemeniti ʻi he fukahi (dS) ʻi ha feituʻu pau, vahevahe ʻaki ʻa e ʻelia ʻo e ʻelemeniti ko ia ʻi he fukahi vakapuna ʻoku hangatonu ki he feituʻu ko ia. Ko e founga ko e L = dI / (dS · cos θ), ʻa ia ko e θ ko e tuliki ia ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e feituʻu ʻoku sio ki ai mo e angamaheni (hangatonu) ki he fukahi fonua. Ki ha feituʻu lafalafa ʻoku tuku mai ai ʻa e mama, hange ko ha LED chip pe ko ha fakaʻilonga ʻoku mama, vakai hangatonu ki ai (θ=0°), ʻoku fakafaingofuaʻi ʻa e founga ki he L = I / dS. Ko e maama ko e meʻa ia ʻoku fakatokangaʻi moʻoni ʻe hotau mata. ʻOku maama maʻolunga ha laʻipepa hinehina ʻi lalo ʻi ha maama ngingila ; ʻOku siʻisiʻi ʻa e maama ʻo e pepa tatau pe ʻi ha loki fakapoʻuli. ʻI he ngaahi polokalama LED, ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻa e luminance ki hono fakafuofuaʻi ʻo e maama (ko ha maʻuʻanga maama maʻolunga ʻaupito ʻi he malaʻe ʻo e vakai) pea mo hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻaliʻali mo e ngaahi fakaʻilonga. ʻI hono siviʻi ʻo e chip mo hono fakafuofuaʻi ʻo e malu ʻo e LED radiation, ʻoku faʻa fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi founga fakaʻata, ʻa ia ʻoku fua ai ʻe he polokalama meʻafaitaa ʻa e maama ʻi he funga ʻo e chip ke ʻiloʻi ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu mafana mo fakapapauʻi ʻoku faitatau ʻa e ngaue.

Ko e ha ʻa e maama pea ʻoku anga fefe hono fikaʻi?

Mahalo ko e maama ʻa e meʻafua ʻaonga mo angamaheni taha ʻi he palani ʻo e mama. ʻOku ne fua ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku to ki ha feituʻu pau. ʻI hono fakalea faingofua, ʻoku ne talaatu ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku to ʻi ho tesi, ʻi he faliki ʻo ha fale tukuʻanga koloa, pe ʻi ha malaʻe ʻakapulu. Ko e "ola fakaʻosi" ia ʻo e sisitemi mama mei he tafaʻaki ʻo e meʻa pe ngaue ʻoku fakamaamaʻi. Ko e ʻiuniti ʻo e maama ko e lux (lx). ʻOku fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻa e lux ʻe taha ko e lumen ʻe taha ki he sikuea mita (1 lx = 1 lm/m²). Ko e founga ki he maama (E) ko e E = dΦ / dS, ʻa ia ko e dΦ ko e maama ia ʻoku hoko ʻi ha kiʻi ʻelemeniti siʻisiʻi ʻo e ʻelia dS. ʻOku makatuʻunga ʻa e maama ʻi ha ngaahi meʻa lahi: ko e malohi ʻo e maʻuʻanga mama, ko e mamaʻo mei he maʻuʻanga mama ki he fukahi feituʻu, pea mo e tuliki ʻoku tau ai ʻa e mama ki he fukahi mama. ʻOku muimui ia ʻi he lao ʻo e tafaʻaki ʻe taha, ʻa ia ko hono ʻuhinga kapau te ke liunga ua ʻa e mamaʻo mei he maʻuʻanga mama, ʻe holo ʻa e maama ki he vahe fa ʻe taha ʻo hono ʻuluaki mahuʻinga. ʻOku toe uesia foki ia ʻe he cosine ʻo e tuliki ʻo e hoko; ʻoku siʻisiʻi ange ʻa e maama ʻi he maama ʻoku ne taaʻi hangatonu ki ai ʻi ha tuliki tikili ʻe 45 ʻi he maama ʻoku ne taaʻi hangatonu ia. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe lava ke ʻomi ʻe he maama laukonga ʻa e lux ʻe 500 ʻi ha tohi, lolotonga ia ʻoku ʻi ai ha lux ʻe 300-500 ʻi he tesi ʻi ha ʻofisi ʻoku maama lelei. ʻE ala fie maʻu ʻe he maama maluʻi ke ʻomi ʻa e 50 lux ʻi he kelekele, lolotonga ia ʻoku fie maʻu ʻe he malaʻe vaʻinga ʻakapulu fakapalofesinale ʻa e 1500-2000 lux ki he fakamafola. Ko e maama ko e meʻafua mahuʻinga ia ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga mo e ngaahi tuʻutuʻuni ʻo e mama ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku feʻunga ʻa e maama ki he malu mo e ngaue ʻa e ngaue. ʻOku fua ia ʻi hono fakahoko ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ha meʻafua mama, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi ai ha sensor kuo fakatonutonu ʻe he cosine ke maʻu totonu ʻa e maama ʻoku to ʻi ha vakapuna.

ʻOku fekauʻaki fefe ʻa e ngaahi fua ko ʻeni ʻe faa?

Ko e ki ki he taukei ʻi he palani ʻo e mama ʻa e mahino ʻo e ngaahi fekauʻaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e maama ʻo e mama, malohi ʻo e mama, maama mo e mama. ʻOku ʻikai ko ha ngaahi fakakaukau tauʻataina kinautolu ka ʻoku kehekehe ʻa e ngaahi fakakaukau ki he maama tatau. Ko e maama ʻo e maama (lumens) ko e kamataʻanga fakakatoa ia—ko e maama fakakatoa ia ʻoku tuku mai ʻe he maʻuʻanga tokoni. ʻOku tufaki leva ʻa e flux ko ʻeni ʻi he vavaa. ʻOku fakamatalaʻi ʻa e tufakiʻanga naunau ʻaki ʻa e maama malohi (candela) ʻi he tafaʻaki kotoa pe. Ko e polar intensity diagram ko ha founga fakakalafi ia ke fakahaaʻi ʻaki ʻa e tufakiʻanga naunau ko ʻeni. ʻI he taimi ʻoku fononga ai ʻa e maama tufaki ko ʻeni ʻi he vavaa pea faifai pea to ki ha funga, ʻoku tau fua ʻa e ola ko e maama (lux) ʻi he fukahi feituʻu ko ia. ʻOku fua ʻe ha meʻafua mama ʻoku fokotuʻu ʻi ha tesi ʻa e mama. Fakaʻosi, ʻi he taimi ʻoku fakaʻata mai ai ʻe he maama ko ia ha niʻihi ʻo e maama ko ia ki he mata ʻo e tokotaha mama, ko e "ngingila" ʻo e fukahi ko hono maama (cd/m²). ʻOku fua foki ʻe he meʻafua ʻo e maama ʻa e meʻafaitaa ha faʻahinga maama ʻo e mama. ʻOku hanga ʻe ha sipinga faingofua ʻo fakatahaʻi kotoa ia: ʻE lava ke maʻu ʻe ha maama ʻe 5000-lumen LED (flux) ʻa e tumutumu ʻo e 10,000 candela ʻi hono fuʻu ʻakau lotoloto. Kapau ʻoku fakataumuʻa ʻa e fuʻu ʻakau ko ia ki ha holisi mita ʻe 10 hono mamaʻo, ko e maama ʻi loto malie ʻo e fuʻu ʻakau ko ia ʻi he holisi ʻe lava ke 100 lux. Kapau ʻoku vali hinehina ʻa e holisi ko ia pea ʻoku maʻolunga ʻa e reflectivity, ʻe lava ke 30 cd/m² hono mama, ʻo ha ngingila ki ha taha ʻoku mamata ki ai. Kapau ʻoku vali ʻuliʻuli ʻa e holisi, ko hono maama ʻe 3 cd/m² pe, ʻo ha fakapoʻuli, neongo ʻoku tatau pe ʻa e maama ʻi he holisi ko e 100 lux. ʻOku ngaue ʻa e ngaahi meʻafua ko ʻeni ʻe fa ʻi ha seini, mei he tupuʻanga (flux, intensity) ki he ola ʻo e funga (illuminance, luminance), ʻo ʻomi ha lea kakato ki hono fakamatalaʻi mo fakaʻenisinia ʻo e mama.

Ngaahi Fehuʻi ʻOku Faʻa ʻEke Fekauʻaki mo e Fikaʻi ʻo e Maama ʻo e LED

Ko e ha ʻa e faikehekehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e lumens mo e lux?

Ko ha puputuʻu angamaheni ʻeni. ʻOku fua ʻe he Lumens (lm) ʻa e lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku tuku mai ʻe ha maʻuʻanga tokoni. ʻOku fakafuofuaʻi ʻe he Lux (lx) ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku to ʻi ha fukahi fonua. Fakakaukau ki ai ʻo hange ko e ʻuha: ko e lumens ko e lahi fakakatoa ia ʻo e ʻuha ʻoku to mei ha ʻao, lolotonga ia ko e lux ko e loloto ia ʻo e anoano ʻi ho hala. ʻE maʻolunga ange ʻa e lux ʻi ha holisi ofi mai ʻi ha maama ʻaofi ʻe 1000, koeʻuhi he ʻoku fakatefito ʻa e maama ʻo e kasa ʻi ha feituʻu siʻisiʻi ange.

ʻE founga fefe haʻaku fikaʻi ʻa e maama mei ha maama LED ʻi ha mamaʻo pau?

Ki ha maʻuʻanga poini, ʻe lava ke fai ha fakafuofua ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e lao ʻo e sikuea ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha. ʻOku ke fie maʻu ʻa e maama malohi (ʻi he candela) ʻi he feituʻu ʻo e fukahi fonua. Ko e maama (E) ʻoku fakafuofua ki he malohi (I) vahevahe ʻaki ʻa e mamaʻo (h) sikuea: E = I / d². Neongo ia, ki he ngaahi naunau LED moʻoni mo e ngaahi tuliki pau ʻo e beam, ʻoku faingataʻa ange. Ko e founga totonu taha ko hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e polokalama fakakomipiuta ki hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e maama ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e ngaahi faile fakamatala photometric ke fikaʻi ʻaki ʻa e maama ʻi ha feituʻu.

Ko e fe ʻi he ngaahi meʻafua ʻe fa ʻoku mahuʻinga taha ki hono fakatau mai ʻo ha maama tesi?

Ki ha maama tesi, ko e maama ʻa e meʻafua ʻaonga taha. ʻOku ke fie ʻilo pe ko e ha e lahi ʻo e maama (ʻi he lux) ʻe to ʻi hoʻo ngaue. Neongo ia, koeʻuhi ʻoku ʻikai ke ʻomi maʻu pe ʻe he ngaahi kautaha faʻu ʻa e fakamatala ʻo e maama ki ha ngaahi mamaʻo pau, ko e maama fakakatoa (lumens) ko ha kamataʻanga lelei ia. ʻOku faʻa feʻunga pe ha maama ʻoku 400-800 lumens ki ha tesi. ʻOku totonu foki ke ke fakakaukauʻi ʻa e tuliki ʻo e beam ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku tokanga taha ki hoʻo ngaue ʻo ʻikai fakatupu ha ulo (fuʻu maama lahi) ʻi ho mata.