Ko e ha ʻa e maama pea ko e ha ʻoku mahuʻinga ai ʻi he maama sipoti?

Ko e maama ko ha tefitoʻi fakakaukau ia ʻi he palani ʻo e mama, ʻa ia ʻoku ʻuhinga ia ki he lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku hoko ʻi ha fukahi ʻelia ʻi he ʻiuniti. ʻI hono fakalea mahinongofua, ʻoku ne fuatautau ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku to mo fakamaama ha feituʻu, tatau ai pe pe ko ha malaʻe vaʻinga, tesi pe hala. ʻOku quantified ia ʻi he ngaahi ʻiuniti ʻoku ui ko e lux, ʻa ia ʻoku tatau ai ʻa e lux ʻe taha mo e lumen ʻe taha ki he sikuea mita. ʻOku mahuʻinga ke mahino ʻa e maama koeʻuhi he ʻoku ne fakapapauʻi fakahangatonu ʻa e sio ki ai. Ki he maama sipoti, ʻoku ʻikai ko hono ʻai pe ʻo e maama ʻo e malaʻe; ka ʻoku fekauʻaki ia mo hono fakapapauʻi ʻe lava ʻe he kau vaʻinga, kau ʻofisiale, kau mamata mo e ngaahi meʻangaue televisone ʻo sio lelei mo tonu ki he meʻa ʻoku fai. ʻE lava ke maʻu hala ʻa e ngaahi foʻi pulu, lavea ʻa e kau vaʻinga, mo e maʻulalo ʻa e aʻusia ʻo e mamata. Ko ia ai, ʻoku tokanga taha ʻa e kau faʻu maama sipoti ki he faʻahinga pau ʻe ua ʻo e mama: horizontal mo vertical. ʻOku feau ʻe he ongo fua ko ʻeni ʻa e ngaahi fie maʻu kehekehe ki he sio pea ʻoku puleʻi ia ʻe he ngaahi tuʻunga fefeka kuo fokotuʻu ʻe he ngaahi kautaha sipoti fakavahaʻapuleʻanga. ʻE fakamatalaʻi ʻe he fakahinohino ko ʻeni ʻa e ngaahi foʻi lea ko ʻeni, ʻo fakamatalaʻi honau ʻuhinga, founga hono fuatautau, mo e ʻuhinga ʻoku nau hoko ai ko e makatuliki ʻo ha faʻahinga maama sipoti fakapalofesinale.

Ko e ha ʻa e maama fakahangatonu ʻi he maama sipoti?

Ko e maama horizontal ko e fua ia ʻo e maama ʻoku to ki ha funga horizontal. ʻI he tuʻunga ʻo ha malaʻe sipoti, ʻoku faʻa fua ʻeni ʻi ha vakapuna ʻoku tuʻu ʻi ha mita ʻe taha mei he kelekele, ʻo tatau mo e feituʻu vaʻinga. Fakakaukau ki ai ko ha to ʻa e maama ʻi ha tepile naʻe fokotuʻu ʻi he loto malaʻe. ʻOku faʻu ʻe he kau ʻenisinia ʻo e mama ha grid ʻi he feituʻu vaʻinga kotoa, pea ʻoku fua ʻa e maama ʻi he feituʻu takitaha ʻi he grid ko ʻeni ke fikaʻi ʻa e tuʻunga fakalukufua ʻo e mama. Ko e faʻahinga maama ko ʻeni ko e meʻafua tukufakaholo mo angamaheni taha ia ki he maama fakalukufua ʻo e ʻelia. ʻOku ne talamai ʻa e maama lelei ʻo e kelekele. ʻOku mahuʻinga ki he kau sipoti ʻa e maama feʻunga ki hono muimuiʻi ʻo e ngaahi foʻi pulu ʻoku teka ʻi he malaʻe, fakafuofuaʻi ʻa e mamaʻo ki he ngaahi laine fakangatangata, pea sio ki he feituʻu ʻoku vaʻinga ai ʻi honau lalo vaʻe. Ki he ngaahi sipoti ʻatamaiʻia mo fakakolo lahi, ko e aʻusia ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga ʻoku fie maʻu ʻa e maama ʻoku fie maʻu ko e tefitoʻi taumuʻa ia. ʻOku ne ʻomi ha tuʻunga malu mo e ngaue, ʻo fakapapauʻi ʻoku maama lelei ʻa e malaʻe vaʻinga koeʻuhi ke lava ʻa e kau vaʻinga ʻo ngaʻunu mo feʻauhi ʻo ʻikai uesia ʻa e sio mei he ngaahi feituʻu fakapoʻuli.

ʻOku fikaʻi mo fua fefe ʻa e maama fakahangatonu?

Ko hono fikaʻi ʻo e maama horizontal ko ha founga ia ʻoku ne fakapapauʻi ʻa e tonu mo e faitatau. ʻOku kamata ʻaki hono fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻo e feituʻu ʻoku manako ai, ʻa ia ko e tefitoʻi tafaʻaki ia ʻo e feʻauhi ʻo e sipoti. ʻOku ʻi ai leva ha grid system ʻi he feituʻu ko ʻeni. ʻOku fakapapauʻi ʻa e vamamaʻo ʻo e ngaahi poini grid ʻe he ngaahi tuʻunga hange ko ia mei he CIE (International Commission on Illumination) pe ngaahi sino pau ʻoku ne puleʻi ʻa e sipoti hange ko e FIFA ki he ʻakapulu pe World Athletics ki he lele mo e malaʻe. ʻOku fokotuʻu lafalafa ʻi he kelekele pe ʻi ha tripod ʻi he maʻolunga ʻoku fakamahinoʻi, meimei ko e mita ʻe taha. ʻOku fai ʻa e fua ʻi he feituʻu fetaulakiʻanga grid kotoa pe. ʻOku maʻu mei he ngaahi fakamatala lahi ko ʻeni, ʻa e mahuʻinga mahuʻinga ʻe ua: ko e ʻavalisi ʻo e maama fakahangatonu (E_h avg) mo e uniformity ratio. ʻOku mahuʻinga ʻa e uniformity ratio pea ʻoku faʻa fakahaaʻi ia ko e tuʻunga maama siʻisiʻi taha ʻoku vahevahe ʻaki ʻa e ʻavalisi (U1 = E_min / E_avg) pe vahevahe ʻa e siʻisiʻi taha ʻaki ʻa e lahi taha (U2 = E_min / E_max). ʻOku mahuʻinga tatau pe ʻa e faitatau maʻolunga, ʻa ia ko hono ʻuhinga ʻoku tuʻu tatau ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e mama ʻi he malaʻe, mo e ʻavalisi ʻo e ngingila ʻo e mama. ʻOku ne taʻofi ʻa e kau vaʻinga mei he pau ke liliu ʻenau vakai ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku fuʻu maama mo fakapoʻuli, ʻa ia ʻe lava ke fakatupu puputuʻu mo fakatuʻutamaki. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe fie maʻu ʻe ha malaʻe ʻakapulu ha maama fakahangatonu ʻo e 500 lux ki he ako kae 2000 lux ki ha feʻauhi fakavahaʻapuleʻanga televisone, mo e faitatau ʻo e 0.7 pe maʻolunga ange.

Ko e ha ʻa e vertical illuminance pea ʻoku kehe fefe ia?

Lolotonga hono fua ʻe he maama fakahangatonu ʻa e maama ʻi he kelekele, ʻoku fua ʻe he maama tuʻu hake ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ʻoku to ki ha feituʻu ʻoku tuʻu ki ʻolunga. Fakakaukauloto ʻoku ke pukepuke hangatonu ha papa lafalafa ʻi muʻa ʻiate koe; Ko e maama ʻoku tau ʻi he palakipoe ko e maama ʻoku tuʻu ki ʻolunga. ʻOku faingataʻa ange ʻa e fua ko ʻeni koeʻuhi he ʻoku mahuʻinga ʻa e taumuʻa ʻo e "poate" ko ia. ʻI he maama sipoti, ʻoku tau fua ʻa e maama ʻi ha vakapuna ʻoku hangatonu ki he feituʻu vaʻinga, pea mahuʻinga taha, ʻoku tau fakamahinoʻi hono feituʻu. Ko e angamaheni, ʻoku fakahoko ʻeni ʻi ha maʻolunga ko e mita ʻe 1.5 mei he kelekele, meimei tatau mo e maʻolunga ʻo e sino mo e mata ʻo e tokotaha vaʻinga. Ko e faikehekehe mahuʻinga ko e vertical illuminance ʻoku ʻikai ko ha mataʻifika pe ʻe taha ki ha poini ʻi he malaʻe. ʻOku makatuʻunga pe ia ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku ke sio ki ai. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe kehe ʻa e maama tuʻu ʻi ʻolunga ʻi ha tokotaha vaʻinga ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e meʻafaitaa mei he maama ʻi he tuʻunga tatau pe ʻo hange ko ia ʻoku sio ki ai mei he tuʻuʻanga ʻi he tafaʻaki. Ko ia ai, kuo pau ke fikaʻi mo fakamahinoʻi ʻe he kau faʻu ʻo e mama ʻa e maama ki he ngaahi feituʻu mahuʻinga kehekehe. Ko e meʻa ʻeni ʻoku fuʻu mahuʻinga ai ki he ngaahi polokalama televisone, he ʻoku ne puleʻi fakahangatonu ʻa e lelei hono maʻu ʻe he sensor ʻo e meʻafaitaa ʻa e kau sipoti.

Ko e ha ʻoku mahuʻinga ai ʻa e maama tuʻu ki ʻolunga ki he ngaahi sipoti televisone?

Ko e tefitoʻi ʻuhinga ʻoku fakamamafaʻi ai ʻa e maama ʻi he ngaahi feʻauhi fakamafola he ʻoku maʻu ʻe he ngaahi meʻangaue televisone ʻa e maama mei he ngaahi kaveinga. Ko e kau vaʻinga, foʻi pulu, mo e ngaahi laine ʻi he malaʻe ʻoku tuʻu ki ʻolunga pe ofi ki ʻolunga mei he tafaʻaki ʻa e meʻafaitaa. Kapau ʻoku lahi ʻa e maama ʻi he kelekele (maama fakahangatonu maʻolunga) kae ʻikai feʻunga ʻa e maama ʻi he fofonga mo e sino ʻo e kau vaʻinga (maama tuʻu maʻu), ʻe ha fakapoʻuli, lafalafa, pea ʻikai fakaikiiki ʻa e fakamafola. ʻE fakapoʻuli ʻa e fofonga ʻo e kau sipoti, pea ʻe faingataʻa ke muimui ki he ngaue vave. Ke maʻu ha fakamafola tuʻunga maʻolunga, ʻoku fie maʻu ʻe he ngaahi tuʻunga moʻui ʻo e mama ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga pau ʻo e maama ki he tefitoʻi meʻafaitaa. Hange ko ʻeni, kuo pau ke aʻusia ʻe ha malaʻe vaʻinga ʻoku fai ai ha feʻauhi ki he Ipu ʻa Mamani ʻa e FIFA ha maama siʻisiʻi taha ki he tuʻuʻanga ʻo e meʻafaitaa ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku mahino ʻa e lau musie mo e fotunga ʻo e tokotaha vaʻinga kotoa pe. ʻIkai ngata ai, ʻoku fakapapauʻi ʻe he maama maʻolunga mo e faitatau lelei ʻi he malaʻe ʻoku ʻikai fie maʻu ke liliu maʻu pe ʻe he meʻafaitaa ʻa ʻene fakaʻaliʻali ʻi heʻene muimuiʻi ʻa e vaʻinga mei he ngataʻanga ʻe taha ki he ngataʻanga ʻe taha, ʻo maʻu ai ha aʻusia lelei mo fakapalofesinale. Ko e ʻuhinga ʻeni ʻoku fakaʻilongaʻi ai ʻa e liliu mei he maama faingofua ki he maama sipoti fakapalofesinale ʻaki ha liliu ʻi he tokanga mei he horizontal ki he potupotutatau ʻo e maama horizontal mo vertical.

ʻOku ngaue fakataha fefe ʻa e maama horizontal mo vertical ʻi he sipoti?

ʻI ha faʻahinga maama sipoti fakapalofesinale, ʻoku ʻikai ko ha meʻafua feʻauʻauhi ʻa e maama horizontal mo vertical ka ko ha meʻa fengaueʻaki. ʻOku nau ngaue fakataha ke faʻu ha ʻatakai kakato ʻo e sio. Fakakaukau ki he maama fakahangatonu ko e fakavaʻe, ko ha funga siteisi ʻoku maama lelei. ʻOku ne fakapapauʻi ʻoku mahino mo malu ʻa e feituʻu vaʻinga. ʻOku hanga leva ʻe he maama ʻi ʻolunga ʻo ʻai ke moʻui ʻa e kau faiva ʻi he funga siteisi, ʻo ʻai ke nau sio ki ai mo fakaʻofoʻofa fakatouʻosi ʻe he kau mamata mo e ngaahi meʻafaitaa. ʻE potupotutatau fakatouʻosi ʻe ha founga maama kuo fokotuʻutuʻu lelei. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻoku fie maʻu ʻe he malaʻe tenisi ha maama maʻolunga kae lava ke ʻasi mai ʻa e foʻi pulu ʻoku ngaʻunu vave mei mui, ka ʻoku toe fie maʻu foki ke faitatau lelei kae lava ʻe he kau vaʻinga ʻo fakafuofuaʻi totonu ʻa e puna ʻa e foʻi pulu ʻi he funga malaʻe. Ko e meʻa tatau pe, ʻi ha malaʻe vaʻinga ʻakapulu, kuo pau ke fokotuʻutuʻu ʻa e mama ke fakafonu ʻa e malaʻe mei ha ngaahi tafaʻaki kehekehe. ʻOku fakapapauʻi heni ʻoku maama lelei ʻa e tokotaha vaʻinga ʻoku lele ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha mei muʻa ki he meʻafaitaa ʻe taha pea mei he tafaʻaki ki he tafaʻaki ʻe taha, ʻo maʻu ai ha fakamatala fakalukufua. ʻOku uesia foki ʻe he fengaueʻaki ʻa e ongo faʻahinga maama ko ʻeni ʻa e sipinga ʻo e kau vaʻinga, ʻo faʻu ai ha ngaahi meʻa fakaʻofoʻofa mo e ngaahi ʻata ʻoku ne fakaʻata ʻa e mata ʻo e tangata mo e sensor ʻo e meʻafaitaa ke ʻiloʻi totonu ʻa e loloto mo e ngaʻunu.

Ko e ha ʻa e ngaahi tefitoʻi fikaʻi mo e ngaahi fakakaukau ki he ngaahi maama sipoti LED?

ʻOku kau ʻi hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo ha LED sipoti ʻa e ngaahi fikaʻi totonu ʻoku mahulu atu ʻi hono tanaki pe ʻo e wattage. ʻOku kamata ʻaki hono fakaʻuhingaʻi ʻo e feituʻu feʻauhi mo e ʻelia fakakatoa, ʻa ia ʻoku kau ai ʻa e feituʻu feʻauhi fakataha mo e feituʻu malu. ʻOku makatuʻunga leva ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e maama ʻoku fie maʻu ʻe he sipoti, tuʻunga ʻo e vaʻinga (mei he fakamafola fakafiefia ki he fakamafola fakavahaʻapuleʻanga), pea mo e ngaahi tuʻunga moʻui ʻa e kulupu pule. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻoku kehe ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi fie maʻu ʻa e holo petiminitoni ki he vaʻinga ʻa e kalapu mei he vai kaukau ʻOlimipiki. Kuo pau ke fakamatalaʻi ʻe he fikaʻi ʻa e maʻolunga ʻo e ngaahi mama, ʻa e ngaahi tuliki ʻo e ngaahi naunau LED, ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku fakataumuʻa ki ai, pea mo e reflectivity ʻo e ʻatakai. ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e polokalama fakakomipiuta makehe ki hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e maama ke fakatataaʻi ʻaki ʻa e fola kakato. ʻOku fakahu ʻe he kau ʻenisinia ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga pau totonu ʻo e LED luminaires—ʻa ʻenau lumen output, photometric distribution, mo e mafana ʻo e lanu—pea fakahoko ha ngaahi fikaʻi ʻe lauiafe ke fakatataaʻi ʻa e maama horizontal mo vertical ʻi he grid kotoa. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi simulation ko ʻeni ʻa e ʻavalisi ʻo e maama ʻoku kikiteʻi, uniformity ratios, mo e glare ratings (GR), ʻa ia ʻoku fakafehoanaki leva ki he ngaahi tuʻunga ʻoku fakataumuʻa ki ai. Ko e taumuʻa ke optimize ʻa e lahi, fokotuʻutuʻu, mo e taumuʻa ʻo e ngaahi naunau ke feau pe laka hake ʻi he ngaahi fie maʻu kotoa pe mo e ivi lelei taha.

Ko e ha ʻoku mahuʻinga tatau ai ʻa e faitaha mo e ulo ʻo hange ko e ngingila?

Neongo ko hono aʻusia ʻo e ngaahi tuʻunga totonu ʻo e maama ko e tefitoʻi taumuʻa ia, ʻoku mahuʻinga tatau pe ʻa e ongo meʻa kehe ʻe ua ki ha fola lelei ʻo e maama sipoti: uniformity mo e glare control. Ko e faitatau, hangē ko ia naʻe lave ki ai ki ai ki muʻá, ʻ oku fakapapauʻi ai ʻ oku tufaki tatau ʻ a e māmá. ʻOku fakatupu ʻe he ʻikai faitatau ʻa e ngaahi feituʻu ʻo e ʻata mo e ngaahi feituʻu ngingila. Ki ha tokotaha sipoti, ko e hiki mei ha feituʻu maama ki ha feituʻu fakapoʻuli ange ʻe lava ke fakakuihi fakataimi, ʻo tupu ai haʻane mole ʻa e foʻi pulu pe ko e fili. Ki he televisone, ʻoku hanga ʻe he ʻikai faitatau ʻo ʻai ʻa e fakamafola ke ngali taʻefakapalofesinale pea ʻe lava ke ne puputuʻu ʻa e ngaahi polokalama fakaʻata ʻotometi. Ko e ulo ko ha toe hohaʻa mahuʻinga ia ʻe taha. Ko e ulo ko e ongoʻi taʻefiemalie pe faingataʻaʻia fakaesino ʻoku fakatupu ʻe he maama ngingila ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku sio ki ai. Ki ha tokotaha vaʻinga ʻoku sio hake ke puke ha foʻi pulu maʻolunga, ʻe lava ke ʻikai lava ʻo sio ki he foʻi pulu. Ko ha fakatuʻutamaki lahi ʻeni ki he malu. ʻOku fokotuʻutuʻu ʻa e ngaahi maama sipoti LED ʻo onoponi ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakaʻofoʻofa mo e ngaahi meʻa ʻoku mapuleʻi ʻaki ʻa e fetapa, hange ko e visors mo e faʻu totonu ʻo e beam, ke tataki pe ʻa e mama ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku fie maʻu pea taʻofi ia mei he mata ʻo e kau vaʻinga, kau ʻofisiale mo e kau mamatá. ʻE kau maʻu pe ʻi he lipooti lelei ʻo e palani ʻo e mama ha fikaʻi ʻo e Glare Rating (GR) ke fakapapauʻi ʻoku ʻi loto ʻi he ngaahi fakangatangata ʻoku tali ki he sipoti pau.

Ngaahi Sipinga ʻAonga: Ngaahi Fie Maʻu ki he Maama ki he Ngaahi Sipoti Kehekehe

ʻOku kehekehe ʻaupito ʻa e ngaahi fie maʻu pau ki he maama horizontal mo vertical ʻi he ngaahi sipoti. Ko ha ngaahi sipinga ʻaonga ʻeni ke fakatataaʻi ʻaki ʻa e ngaahi faikehekehe ko ʻeni, makatuʻunga ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga fakavahaʻapuleʻanga angamaheni. ʻOku ʻikai ke tuʻuloa ʻeni ka ʻoku hoko ia ke fakamahinoʻi ʻa e founga ʻoku puleʻi ai ʻe he natula ʻo e sipoti ʻa e ngaahi fie maʻu ʻa e mama.

ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he ngaahi sipinga ko ʻeni ʻi he fakautuutu ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e feʻauʻauhi, ʻoku pehe pe mo e ngaahi fie maʻu ki he sisitemi mama. Ko e taumuʻa faingofua ʻo e fakamaama ʻo e kelekele ʻoku hoko ia ko e ngaue faingataʻa ʻo hono fakamaama ha feituʻu ʻe tolu maʻa e kau mamata televisone fakaemamani lahi, ʻo fakamamafaʻi ʻa e ʻuhinga ʻoku mahuʻinga ai ha mahino loloto ki he maama fakahangatonu mo tuʻu ki ʻolunga ki ha faʻahinga ngaue fakapalofesinale pe ʻo e mama.

Ngaahi Fehuʻi ʻOku Faʻa ʻEke Fekauʻaki mo e Maama Sipoti

Ko e ha ʻa e faikehekehe ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e lux mo e lumen?

ʻOku fua ʻe he Lumens ʻa e lahi fakakatoa ʻo e maama ʻoku tuku mai ʻe ha maʻuʻanga tokoni (hange ko ha maama LED). ʻOku fakafuofuaʻi ʻe Lux ʻa e lahi ʻo e maama ko ia ʻoku to ʻi ha funga feituʻu (hange ko e malaʻe ʻakapulu). Fakakaukau ki he lumens ko e fakakatoa ia ʻo e vai ʻoku fana ʻe ha sprinkler, pea lux ko e lahi ʻo e vai ʻoku to ʻi ha sikuea mita pau ʻo hoʻo musie. Ki he maama sipoti, ʻoku mau tokanga taha ki he lux ʻi he malaʻe.

Ko e ha ʻoku mahuʻinga ai ʻa e uniformity ratio ʻi he maama sipoti?

ʻOku fakapapauʻi ʻe he faitaha ʻoku tuʻumaʻu ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e maama ʻi he malaʻe vaʻinga kotoa. Ka ʻikai ke faitatau, kuo pau ke fefaʻuhi ʻa e kau vaʻinga mo e ngaahi feituʻu fakapoʻuli mo e ngaahi feituʻu ngingila, ʻa ia ʻoku faingataʻa ai honau mata pea faingataʻa ke muimuiʻi maʻu pe ʻa e foʻi pulu. Hange ko ʻeni, ʻe maʻuhala ʻe ha taha vaʻinga ʻakapulu ʻoku ne maʻu ha paasi ʻa e foʻi pulu kapau ʻe ngaʻunu mei ha feituʻu ʻoku maama lelei ki ha fakapoʻuli. ʻOku hanga ʻe he faitaha maʻolunga ʻo fakatupu ha ʻatakai vaʻinga lelei mo malu.

ʻOku fua fefe ʻa e maama ʻi ʻolunga ʻi ha malaʻe vaʻinga?

ʻOku fua ʻa e maama ʻi ʻolunga ʻo fakaʻaongaʻi ha meʻafua maama ʻoku pukepuke hangatonu ki he kelekele, ʻi ha maʻolunga ʻo e mita nai ʻe 1.5. Ko e meʻa mahuʻinga taha, ʻoku fua ia ʻi ha feituʻu pau. Ki ha malaʻe vaʻinga, ʻoku angamaheni ʻaki hono fua ki he ngaahi tuʻunga lalahi ʻe fa ʻo e meʻafaitaa. ʻOku fakapapauʻi heni ʻoku maama lelei ʻa e kau vaʻinga mei he ngaahi tuliki ʻe maʻu ke fakamafola.