Ko e ha ʻa e LED PWM dimming pea ko e ha ʻoku fuʻu fakaʻaongaʻi lahi ai? Kuo hoko ʻa e PWM dimming, fakanounou ʻo e Pulse Width Modulation dimming, ko ha tekinolosia malohi mo angamaheni ʻi he mamani ʻo e maama LED, tautautefito ki he fakaʻuli LED mo e ngaahi koloa ʻo e maʻuʻanga ʻuhila. ʻI hono uho, ko ha founga ia ke puleʻi ʻaki ʻa e ngingila ʻo ha LED ʻaki hono fakamoʻui mo tamateʻi vave ʻa e mama. ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he PWM dimming ha fakaʻilonga fakaʻilekitulonika ke maʻu ʻa e ola tatau, ʻo ʻikai hange ko e analog dimming, ʻa ia ʻoku ne fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e ngingila ʻaki hono hokohoko hifo ʻa e lolotonga ʻoku tafe mai ʻi he LED. ʻOku ʻoange ʻe he faikehekehe mahuʻinga ko ʻeni ki he PWM ha ngaahi lelei mahuʻinga, ʻa ia ko e...

Ko e mahino ʻo e liliu mei he ukamea halide ki he LED ʻi he maama malohi maʻolunga ʻI he ngaahi taʻu lahi, kuo hoko ʻa e maama ukamea 1000-watt ko ha hoosi ngaue ʻi he mamani ʻo e maama malohi maʻolunga. Kuo hanga ʻe he ngaahi maama malohi ko ʻeni ʻo fakamaama hotau ngaahi feituʻu lalahi taha: ngaahi malaʻe vaʻinga sipoti, ngaahi fale tukuʻanga koloa, ngaahi feituʻu langa, ngaahi fale tauhiʻanga malaʻe vakapuna, mo e ngaahi tauʻanga meʻalele. Naʻe hanga ʻe heʻenau malava ke maʻu ha maama lahi mei ha maʻuʻanga tokoni siʻisiʻi pe ʻe taha ʻo ʻai ke nau fili ki he ngaahi polokalama ʻa ia ko e tefitoʻi taumuʻa ke tafea ha feituʻu ʻaki ʻa e mama. Neongo ia, kuo liliu lahi ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e mama ʻi he hoko mai ʻa e tekinolosia LED malohi maʻolunga. ʻI he ʻaho ni, ko ha maama tafea LED 500-watt...

Mahino ʻa e Ngaahi Fie Maʻu Makehe ʻo e Maama ʻo ha Malaʻe Pasiketipolo Ko e pasiketipolo ko ha sipoti vave mo longomoʻui ia ʻoku fakahoko ʻi ha malaʻe tapafa pau. ʻOku hokohoko atu ʻa e ngaue, ʻo ngaʻunu maʻu pe ʻa e kau vaʻinga, puna mo muimuiʻi ha kiʻi foʻi pulu lanu moli siʻisiʻi ʻi heʻene paasi, dribbling, mo fanaʻi ki he ngaahi hoops ʻoku tuʻu fute ʻe hongofulu ʻi he ʻataa. ʻOku hanga ʻe hono fakatahaʻi makehe ko ʻeni ʻo ha feituʻu vaʻinga pau, ngaʻunu vave ki ʻolunga mo fakahangatonu, pea mo e fie maʻu ke muimuiʻi ha meʻa ʻoku ngaʻunu vave ʻi he ngaahi puipuituʻa kehekehe, ʻo fakatupu ha ngaahi fie maʻu pau ki he mama. ʻOku mahulu hake ʻa e maama totonu ʻi hono ʻai pe ke ulo ʻa e malaʻe; ʻOku ne fakapapauʻi ʻa e malu ʻa e kau vaʻinga, fakaʻata ʻa e lelei taha...

Ko e ha ʻoku kehe ai ʻa e maama tukuʻanga koloa mei he maama fakalukufua? Ko e ngaahi fale tukuʻanga koloa ko ha ngaahi ʻatakai makehe ia ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi faingataʻa mo ha ngaahi fakatuʻutamaki ʻoku ʻikai maʻu ʻi he ngaahi ʻofisi pe nofoʻanga angamaheni. Ko e ngaahi feituʻu ia ʻoku fakaʻilongaʻi ʻaki ʻa e ʻaofi maʻolunga, ngaahi hala fasiʻi, ngaahi tauhiʻanga tukuʻanga koloa lahi, pea mo e feʻaluʻaki maʻu pe ʻa e kau ngaue mo e ngaahi misini mamafa hange ko e forklift. ʻOku ʻikai ko e maama ʻi he faʻahinga ʻatakai pehee ke faingofua; ko ha founga malu mahuʻinga ia. ʻE lava ke hoko ha ngaahi fakatuʻutamaki lahi ʻi he kovi ʻo e mama, kau ai ʻa e fepaki ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ngaahi meʻalele mo e kau lue lalo, ʻiloʻi hala ʻo e koloa, to mei he maʻolunga, mo e ngaahi fehalaaki ʻi hono tokangaʻi ʻo e koloa. ʻIkai ngata ai, ʻoku faʻa tauhi ʻe he ngaahi fale tukuʻanga koloa ʻa e ngaahi meʻa lahi ʻo e...

Ko e Ngaahi Fie Maʻu Makehe ʻo e Maama ʻo e Tenisi Tepile Ko e tenisi tepile ʻoku faʻa ui ko e ping pong, ko ha sipoti ia ʻoku vave ʻaupito, tonu mo reflexes. ʻOku ʻikai hange ko e ngaahi sipoti kehe ʻoku fai ʻi ha malaʻe lahi, ʻoku fakatefito ʻa e feʻauhi kotoa ʻi he tenisi tepile ʻi ha kiʻi tepile siʻisiʻi mita ʻe 2.74 x 1.525m. Ko e foʻi pulu, ko ha fuopotopoto maʻamaʻa pe ʻe 40mm hono diameter, ʻe lava ke fononga ʻi he vave ʻo laka hake ʻi he kilomita ʻe 100/h. ʻOku hanga ʻe hono fakatahaʻi makehe ko ʻeni ʻo ha kiʻi meʻa siʻisiʻi mo vave mo ha feituʻu vaʻinga ʻo fakatupu ha ngaahi fie maʻu ʻo e maama ʻoku kehe mei ha toe sipoti kehe. Ke fakahoko ʻe he kau vaʻinga honau lelei taha, pea ke mamataʻi ʻe he kau mamatá ke...

Ko e ʻuhinga ʻoku ʻikai lava ai ʻa e ngaahi maama LED mo e founga ke fakaleleiʻi ai kinautolu Kuo totonu ke maʻu ʻe he ngaahi maama LED honau tuʻunga ko e tekinolosia ʻo e maama ʻi he ngaahi ʻapi, pisinisi mo e ngaahi feituʻu fakapuleʻanga. ʻOku hanga ʻe heʻenau ngingila maʻolunga, maʻulalo ʻaupito ʻa e ivi ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi, mo e malava ke moʻui fuoloa ʻo ʻai ke nau hoko ko ha fili fakaʻofoʻofa ʻi he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻi he incandescent mo e fluorescent. Neongo ia, ko e kupuʻi lea ko e "LEDs tolonga ʻo taʻengata" ko ha talatupuʻa. Neongo ʻoku nau malohi pea siʻisiʻi ange ʻenau tuʻu laveangofua ki he maumau fakafokifa ʻa e ngaahi foʻi ʻuhila motuʻa, ka ko ha ngaahi meʻangaue fakaʻilekitulonika faingataʻa ia ʻe lava pea ʻoku ʻikai ngaue lelei. Ko e ongoongo lelei ko e lahi ʻo e ngaahi palopalema angamaheni taha ʻo e LED ʻoku ʻikai...

Kuo liliu ʻe he fakapoʻuli ʻo e LED lelei taha ʻa e founga ʻoku tau fakamaama ai hotau mamani, ʻo ʻoatu ai ʻa e ivi taʻe-hano-tatau mo e lifespans ʻe lava ke aʻu ki ha ngaahi taʻu lahi. Neongo ia, neongo ʻ enau tekinolosia māʻolungá, ʻ oku ʻ ikai taʻefaʻamate ʻ a e ngaahi maama LED. Ko ha meʻa angamaheni ʻoku aʻusia ʻe he tokolahi ʻo kinautolu ʻoku nau fakaʻaongaʻi ko hono fakatokangaʻi ko ʻenau ngaahi maama LED pe ngaahi naunau LED kuo fakaʻau ke poipoila ʻi he ʻalu ʻa e taimi, pe mahalo kuo fakapoʻuli ʻenau ngaahi meʻa. ʻE lava ke fakatupu lotofoʻi ʻa e meʻa ko ʻeni, ʻa ia ʻoku mole ai ʻa e ngingila ʻo e maama LED, tautautefito ki he hili ʻa e ʻinivesi ʻi he meʻa naʻe palomesi ʻe hoko ko ha founga tuʻuloa. Neongo ia, ʻoku ʻikai ko ha meʻa noa pe ʻa e fakapoʻuli ko ʻeni; ia...

ʻI heʻetau fakakaukau ki he maama lelei, ko e ʻuluaki meʻa ʻoku tau faʻa haʻu ki heʻetau fakakaukau ko e ngingila. ʻOku ʻi ai nai ha maama feʻunga ke sio lelei? Neongo ia, ʻoku ʻiloʻi ʻe he kau mataotao ʻo e mama mo e ngaahi kautaha tuʻunga moʻui ʻoku ʻikai feʻunga ʻa e ngingila ʻataʻata pe. ʻE lava ke maʻolunga ʻa e maama ʻo ha loki pe malaʻe sipoti ka ʻoku kei hoko pe ia ko ha feituʻu fakalilifu ke vakaiʻi ai pe ʻoku ʻikai tufaki tatau ʻa e maama ko ia. Fakakaukauloto ki ha feituʻu ngaue ʻoku ʻi ai ha maama ngingila ʻi ʻolunga ka ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi ʻata loloto ʻi he ngaahi tuliki. Pe ko ha malaʻe pasiketipolo ʻoku maama fakaʻofoʻofa ʻi lalo ʻi he hoops ka ʻoku poipoila ʻi he tafaʻaki. Ko ʻeni...

Ko e Liliu Fakamamani Lahi ʻi he Maama ʻo e Hala ʻI he fefaʻuhi ʻa e mamani mo e fakautuutu ʻo e fie maʻu ʻo e ivi mo e fie maʻu fakavavevave ke fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e kaponi, ʻoku siviʻi ʻa e sekitoa kotoa pe ki he ola lelei. ʻOku fakafofongaʻi ʻe he maama hala fakakolo, ko ha ngaue mahuʻinga ka ʻoku ʻikai faʻa fakatokangaʻi, ko ha faingamalie lahi. ʻI he ngaahi taʻu lahi, kuo ulo ʻa e langi ʻo hotau ngaahi kolo ʻaki ʻa e lanu ʻamipa angamaheni ʻo e ngaahi maama sodium (HPS). Ko e ngaahi naunau ko ʻeni ko e fanga hoosi ngaue ia ʻo e maama hala, ʻa ia naʻe fakamahuʻingaʻi ʻi heʻenau tolonga fuoloa ʻi hono fakafehoanaki ki he ngaahi tekinolosia kimuʻa pea mo ʻenau malava ke hokaʻi ʻa e kakapu. Neongo ia, kuo ʻomi ʻe he senituli 21 ha poleʻi malohi: ko e Light Emitting Diode (LED)....

Ko e mahuʻinga fufu ʻo ha LED ʻoku tolonga ʻI he taimi ʻoku ke fakatau ai ha maama LED, ʻoku ke fakatau ha meʻa lahi ange ʻi he maama pe; ʻOku ke ʻinivesi ʻi ha ngaahi taʻu lahi ʻo e ngaue falalaʻanga mo lelei ʻo e ivi. Ko e talaʻofa ʻo ha houa ʻe 50,000 ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi tefitoʻi ʻuhinga ʻoku tau fili ai ʻa e LED kae ʻikai ko e ngaahi tekinolosia motuʻa ange. Neongo ia, ko e moʻui fuoloa ko ʻeni ʻoku ʻikai ko ha meʻa fakatuʻupakee. Ko e ola ia ʻo ha ʻenisinia fefeka pea mahuʻinga taha, ko ha ngaahi founga fie maʻu ki hono puleʻi ʻo e tuʻunga lelei kimuʻa pea toki aʻu ʻa e mama ki he funga laupapa ʻo e falekoloa. ʻOku kau ʻi he ngaahi founga mahuʻinga taha ko ʻeni ʻa e sivi ʻo e toulekeleka. Neongo ʻe ongo hange ha kiʻi "vela"...

Ko e Faingataʻa Fufu ʻi he Ngaahi Polokalama ʻUhila ʻo Onoponi ʻI ha mamani lelei, ʻe hoko ʻa e ʻuhila ʻoku tafe mai ʻi heʻetau ngaahi grid ʻuhila ko ha peau sine haohaoa mo maʻa—ko ha fengaueʻaki lelei mo tokalelei ʻo e voltage mo e lolotonga. Neongo ia, ko e moʻoni ʻo e ngaahi polokalama fakaʻuhila fakaonopooni, ʻoku fonu ʻi he ngaahi meʻangaue fakaʻilekitulonika, ʻoku mamaʻo ia mei he fakakaukau ko ʻeni. Ko e taimi kotoa pe ʻoku ke palaki ai ha device ʻoku ʻi ai ha switch-mode power supply—mei hoʻo laptop charger ki ha foʻi ʻuhila LED—ʻoku ne fakakeheʻi ʻa e waveform haohaoa ko ʻeni. ʻOku quantified ʻa e distortion ko ʻeni ʻe ha fakangatangata mahuʻinga ʻoku ʻiloa ko e Total Harmonic Distortion, pe THD. Neongo ʻe ongo hange ko ha foʻi fakakaukau fakatekinikale ʻaupito...

Kuo mahulu hake ʻa e Mana ʻo e Maama LED Tunable ʻi onopooni ʻi he ngaue faingofua ʻo e fakamaama. ʻI he ʻaho ni, ʻoku ʻikai ngata pe ʻi heʻetau lava ʻo liliu ʻa e ulo ʻo ha maama ka ko e lanu pe "mafana" ʻo e maama ʻoku ne ʻomai. Kuo liliu ʻe he malava ko ʻeni ke fakaleleiʻi fakatouʻosi ʻa e ngingila mo e mafana ʻo e lanu, ʻo fakaʻata ʻa e ngaahi ʻatakai longomoʻui ʻe lava ke liliu mei ha maama mokomoko mo mokomoko ki he ngaue ki ha maama fakanonga mo mafana ki he malolo efiafi. Ka ʻoku anga fefe ʻa e ngaue ʻa e liliu ngali faingofua ko ʻeni? ʻOku ʻi lalo ʻi he funga ʻo ha foʻi ʻuhila LED pe naunau ʻoku ʻi ai ha fakatahaʻi fakaʻofoʻofa ʻo e fisiki, meʻa fakaʻilekitulonika, mo e...