Te Mārama ki ngā Pou e Whā o te Inenga Tīahoaho LED

Ina kōrero mātou mō te "tīahoaho" o te rama LED, he rite tonu te whakamahi i tētahi kupu wairangi e rerekē ana te tikanga i roto i ngā horopaki rerekē. Ko te katoa o te rama e ringihia ana i te pūrama? Ko te kaha o te kurupae e arotahi ana ki tētahi wāhi motuhake? Ko te taumata mārama rānei i runga i tō tēpu, i tētahi papa whutupōro rānei? Mō ngā kaihoahoa rama, ngā kaipūkaha, me ngā kaipūtā, ehara ēnei rerekētanga i te mea noa; he tino taketake rātau. Kia tika ai te whakaahua, te whakataurite, me te hoatu i te rama LED, e whakawhirinaki ana mātou ki ngā rahinga whakaahua e whā: te rerenga mārama, te kaha o te mārama, te tīahoaho (māramatanga), me te māramatanga. Ka whakarato ia ine i tētahi wāhanga rerekē o te panga, e whakautu ana i tētahi pātai rerekē mō te mahinga o te rama. E kī mai ana te rerenga mārama ki a mātau te huaputa katoa, ka kī mai te kaha mārama ki a mātau te hiko aronga, ka kī mai te mārama he aha ngā whenua ki runga i te mata, ā, ka kī mai te tīahoaho ki a tātau he pēhea te āhua o te mata. He mea nui te whakahaere i ēnei ariā e whā mō te tangata e pā ana ki te hoahoa i ngā pūnaha rama, mai i tētahi rama tēpu māmā ki tētahi tāutanga taiwhanga matatini. Mā tēnei aratohu e whakawātea i ia o ēnei tikanga tātai tīahoaho LED e whā, e whakarato ana i ngā whakamāramatanga mārama, ngā tātai, ngā wae, me ngā tauira ā-ringa o tō rātou taupānga.

He aha te rerenga mārama, ā, he pēhea te tatau?

Ko te rerenga mārama te ngahuru tūāpapa o te huaputa mārama. Ka inea e ia te tapeke o te rama ari e whakaputaina ana e tētahi pūtake mō ia wae wā. Whakaarohia ko te katoa o te "rerenga" o te mārama mai i te rama, ahakoa te ahunga e haere ana. He mehua tēnei o te huaputa mārama katoa, nā reira ko te tohu tino hāngai o te kaha katoa o te pūtake mārama ki te whakaputa i te mārama. Ko te wae o te rerenga mārama ko te lumen (lm). Ina hoko koe i tētahi pūrama LED ka kite i te tapanga hei "800 lumens," koinei te rerenga mārama—te katoa o te mārama e whakaputaina ana e te pūrama ki ngā ahunga katoa. Heoi anō, he matatini ake te tatauranga o te rerenga mārama i te āhua nei, nā te mea kāore te whatu tangata e kite ōrite ana i ngā roangaru katoa o te mārama. He tino tairongo mātou ki te rama kākāriki-kōwhai huri noa i te 555 nm, ā, he iti iho te tairongo ki te mārama whero, kikorangi rānei. Nō reira, he inenga taumaha te rerenga mārama. Ka tātaitia mā te tango i te hiko tūturu (te pūngao ōkiko) o te pūtake mārama i ia roangaru, ā, ka whakareatia mā tētahi āhuatanga e tohu ana i te tairongotanga o te whatu ki taua roangaru. E mōhiotia ana tēnei āhuatanga ko te tōtika mārama tūāwhiorangi pātahi, e tohua ana hei V(λ). Ko te tātai tika mō te rerenga mārama (Φ) ko: Φ = Km ∫ Φ(λ) · V(λ) dλ, kei reira ko Φ(λ) te rerenga tūāwhiorangi, ko V(λ) te tōtika mārama tūāwhiorangi, ā, ko te Km he taimau (683 lm/W) e tohu ana i te mōrahi o te mahinga mārama i te roangaru tairongotanga teitei o te 555 nm. Ko te tikanga, ko tēnei tātai pāngarau e huri ana i te hiko ōkiko taketake hei inenga o te tīahoaho e kitea ana e te pūnaha arokite tangata.

He aha te kaha o te mārama, ā, he pēhea te rerekē i te rerekētanga?

Ahakoa e kī mai ana te rerenga mārama ki a mātau te katoa o te huaputa mārama, kāore e kī mai me pēhea te tuari o taua mārama. Tērā pea he rama 1000 lumen he rama kore e rehu ana i ngā wāhi katoa, he rama arotahi rānei ki ngā wāhi katoa. Ko te kaha mārama te ngahuru e whakaahua ana i te whakamōhiotanga o te mārama ki tētahi ahunga motuhake. Kua tautuhia hei nui o te rerenga mārama e whakaputaina ana e tētahi pūtake mō ia wae koki mārō ki tētahi ahunga kua tukuna. Ko te koki mārō he koki ahu-toru, e inetia ana i roto i ngā steradians (sr), e whakaahua ana i te "koeko" o te mārama e hora atu ana i tētahi wāhi. Whakaarohia he rama: e 300 lumens pea te tapeke o tōna rerenga mārama, engari he tino tiketike tōna kaha mārama i te kurupae matua nā te mea kua whakawhāititia aua 300 lumens ki roto i tētahi koeko whāiti. Ko te wae o te kaha mārama ko te candela (cd). Kotahi te candela e tautuhia ana hei lumen kotahi mō ia steradian (1 cd = 1 lm/sr). He āhuahanga te pātahitanga i waenganui i te rerenga me te kaha. Mēnā he pūtake mārama tāu e whakaputa ōrite ana i tōna rerenga ki ngā ahunga katoa (he pūtake isotropic), ka taea e koe te tātai i tōna kaha mā te wehe i te rerenga katoa ki te koki mārō katoa o tētahi porowhita, arā, ko te 4π steradians. Hei tauira, ko te pūtake isotropic 1000-lumen ka kaha te kaha o te 1000 lm / 4π sr ≈ 79.6 cd ahakoa te ahunga. Ko te mea pono, ko te nuinga o ngā pūtake LED ehara i te isotropic. He rerekē te kaha ki te ahunga. Ko te tapeke o te kaha ki ngā ahunga katoa, ka whakaurua ki te hurihanga katoa, ka whakahokia koe ki te rerenga mārama katoa. Ko te kaha mārama te ngahuru matua mō te mārama me te hoahoa i ngā koki kurupae, ngā whakaata, me ngā arotahi.

He aha te tīahoaho (luminance) me pēhea te ine?

Ko te tīahoaho, i roto i ngā tikanga hangarau, e kīia ana ko te māramatanga. Ahakoa he rite tonu te whakamahinga i roto i te kōrerorero, he whakamāramatanga pūtaiao pū tō te luminance. Ko te mehua o te nui o te mārama e whakaputaina ana, e tukua ana, e whakaata ana rānei mai i tētahi mata ki tētahi ahunga kua tukuna. Ki tētahi atu kupu, ka ine i te āhua o te "tīahoaho" o te mata ki tētahi kaitirotiro e titiro ana mai i tētahi koki motuhake. He rerekētanga nui tēnei i te māramatanga, e ine ana i te mārama e taka ana ki runga i te mata. Ka inea e te māramatanga te mārama e puta atu ana i taua mata (i tētahi pūtake mārama rānei) ka haere ki te whatu. Ko te wae o te luminance ko te candela mō ia mita tapawhā (cd/m²), e kīia ana hoki he "nit." Ko te whakamāramatanga ōkawa ko te kaha mārama (I) i whakaputaina e tētahi huānga mata (dS) ki tētahi ahunga i tukuna, ka wehea e te horahanga o taua huānga mata e whakaata ana ki tētahi rererangi e hāngai ana ki taua ahunga. Ko te tātai ko L = dI / (dS · cos θ), kei reira ko te θ te koki i waenga i te aronga tirohanga me te pūnoa (hāngai) ki te mata. Mō tētahi mata whakaputa mārama papatahi, pēnei i te maramara LED, i tētahi tohu rama rānei, ka tirohia hāngai ki (θ=0°), ka whakangāwari te tātai ki L = I / dS. Ko te māramatanga te mea e kitea ana e o tātau kanohi. He tiketike te mārama o te pepa mā i raro i te rama kanapa; He iti te māramatanga o te pepa kotahi i roto i te rūma pouri. I roto i ngā taupānga LED, he tino nui te luminance mō te aromatawai i te wherikotanga (he pūtake mārama tino tiketike i te āpure tirohanga) me te hoahoa i ngā whakaaturanga me ngā tohu. I roto i te whakamātau maramara me te arotake i te haumarutanga o te pūwhitiwhiti LED, ka whakamahia ngā tikanga atahanga, e ine ai te pūnaha kāmera i te māramatanga puta noa i te mata o te maramara hei tāutu i ngā wāhiwera me te whakarite i te mahinga ōrite.

He aha te whakamāramatanga me te pēhea e tātaitia ai?

Ko te whakamāramatanga pea te ngahuru tino māia, e tohutoro nuitia ana i roto i te hoahoa rama. Ka inea e ia te nui o te rerenga mārama e taka ana ki tētahi wāhi mata. I roto i ngā kupu ngāwari, ka kī atu ki a koe te nui o te mārama e tau ana ki tō tēpu, ki te papa o te whare putunga, ki tētahi papa whutupōro rānei. Ko te "hua whakamutunga" o te pūnaha tīramarama mai i te tirohanga o te ahanoa, tūmahi rānei i whakamāramatia. Ko te wae o te whakamāramatanga ko te lux (lx). Kotahi te lux e tautuhia ana hei kotahi lumen mō ia mita tapawhā (1 lx = 1 lm/m²). Ko te tātai mō te whakamāramatanga (E) ko E = dΦ / dS, kei reira te dΦ ko te takanga rerenga mārama i runga i tētahi huānga mata iti o te horahanga dS. E whakawhirinaki ana te whakamāramatanga ki ngā take maha: te kaha o te pūtake mārama, te tawhiti mai i te pūtake ki te mata, me te koki e tuki ai te rama ki te mata. E whai ana i te ture tapawhā-kōaro, ko te tikanga mēnā ka tāruatia e koe te tawhiti mai i te pūtake mārama, ka heke te whakamāramatanga ki te hauwhā o tōna uara taketake. Ka pāngia hoki e te whenu o te koki o te putanga; Ko te mārama e tūtuki ana i te mata i te koki 45 waeine, he iti iho te mārama i te mārama e tūtuki hāngai ana. Hei tauira, ka whakarato pea te rama pānui i te 500 lux i runga i te pukapuka, ā, ko te tari mārama e 300-500 lux pea i runga i ngā tēpu. Tērā pea me whakarato e te rama haumarutanga te 50 lux i runga i te whenua, ā, e hiahiatia ana e tētahi taiwhanga whutupōro ngaio te 1500-2000 lux mō te pāohotanga. Ko te whakamāramatanga te ngahuru matua e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā paerewa tīramarama me ngā ture hei whakarite i te mārama tika mō te haumarutanga me te mahinga tūmahi. Ka inetia mā te whakamahi i tētahi ine mārama, he pūoko whakatika-whenu hei hopu tika i te mārama e taka ana ki runga i te waka rererangi.

He pēhea te pānga o ēnei inenga e whā ki a rāua anō?

Ko te mārama ki ngā pātahitanga i waenga i te rerenga mārama, te kaha o te mārama, te māramatanga, me te māramatanga he kī ki te mātauranga i te hoahoa rama. Ehara rātau i te ariā takitahi, engari he rerekē ngā tirohanga ki te tītohunga ōrite o te mārama. Ko te rerenga mārama (lumens) te pūwāhi tīmatanga katoa—te katoa o te mārama e whakaputaina ana e te pūtake. Kātahi ka tuaritia tēnei rerenga ki te mokowā. Ka whakaahuatia te tuari e te kaha mārama (candela) ki ia ahunga. Ko te hoahoa kaha pākākā he tikanga whakairoiro hei whakaatu i tēnei tuaritanga. Ina haere tēnei mārama tuari i roto i te mokowā, ā, kātahi anō ka tau ki runga i tētahi mata, ka inea e tātau te hua hei whakamāramatanga (lux) i taua mata. Ko te mita mārama e purua ana ki runga i te tēpu e ine ana i te māramatanga. Ka mutu, ina whakaata taua mata mārama i ētahi o taua mārama ki te whatu o te kaimātakitaki, ko te "tīahoaho" o te mata ko tōna māramatanga (cd/m²). Ka inea hoki e te ine mārama o te kāmera tētahi momo māramatanga. Ko tētahi tauira ngāwari e here ana i te katoa: Tērā pea he kaha teitei o te 10,000 candela i roto i tōna kurupae matua o te rama waipuke LED 5000 lumen (flux). Mēnā e whāia ana taua kurupae ki tētahi pakitara e 10 mita te mamao, ko te māramatanga i waenganui o taua kurupae i runga i te pakitara he 100 lux. Mēnā he mā te peita o taua pakitara, ā, he nui te whakaata, ka 30 cd/m² pea tōna māramatanga, e mārama ana ki te kaimātakitaki. Mēnā kua peitatia te pakitara ki te pango, e 3 cd/m² anake pea tōna māramatanga, e pouri ana, ahakoa he ōrite te mārama o te pakitara ki te 100 lux. Ka mahi ēnei ine e whā i roto i tētahi mekameka, mai i te pūtake (rererangi, kaha) ki te pānga ki ngā mata (māramatanga, māramatanga), e whakarato ana i tētahi reo katoa mō te whakaahua me te pūkaha mārama.

Ngā pātai auau mō ngā tatauranga tīahoaho LED

He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā lumens me te lux?

He wāhi noa iho tēnei o te pōrarutanga. Ko ngā lumen (lm) e ine ana i te katoa o te mārama e whakaputaina ana e tētahi pūtake. Ka inea e Lux (lx) te nui o taua mārama e tau ana ki runga i te mata. Whakaarohia pēnei i te marangai: ko te lumens te katoa o te ua e taka mai ana i te kapua, engari ko te lux te hōhonutanga o te puddle i tō huarahi. Ka puta mai i te rama hiko 1000 lumen he pānui lux teitei ake i runga i tētahi pakitara pātata i te rama tuanui 1000 lumen, nā te mea kua whakawhāititia te rama o te rama ki tētahi wāhi iti iho.

Me pēhea taku tātai i te mārama mai i tētahi rama LED i tētahi tawhiti?

Mō tētahi pūtake ira, ka taea te whakatau tata mā te whakamahi i te ture tapawhā-kōaro. E hiahiatia ana e koe te kaha mārama (i roto i te candela) ki te ahunga o te mata. Ko te whakamāramatanga (E) e āhua ana ki te kaha (I) e wehea ana e te tawhiti (d) tapawhā: E = I / d². Heoi anō, mō ngā taputapu LED tūturu me ngā koki kurupae tauwhāiti, he matatini ake. Ko te tikanga tino tika ko te whakamahi i ngā pūmanawa hoahoa tīramarama e whakamahi ana i ngā kōnae raraunga whakaahua hei tātai i te mārama puta noa i tētahi rohe, e kaute ana i te hanga kurupae me ngā maunga maha.

Ko tēhea o ngā ine e whā e tino hira ana mō te hoko rama papamahi?

Mō te rama tēpu, ko te whakamāramatanga te ine tino māia. E hiahia ana koe ki te mōhio e hia te nui o te mārama (i roto i te lux) ka tau ki tō mata mahi. Heoi anō, i te mea kāore ngā kaiwhakanao e whakarato i ngā raraunga whakamārama mō ngā tawhiti tauwhāiti, he wāhi tīmatanga pai te katoa o te rerenga mārama (lumens). Ko te tikanga ka rawaka te rama 400-800 lumens mo te tēpu. Me whakaaro hoki koe ki te koki kurupae kia tino mōhio ai ka arotahi te mārama ki ō mahi me te kore e wherikotanga (nui rawa te māramatanga) i ō whatu.