Te Mārama ki te Neke o te Hangarau Rama Huarahi Taone

Ko te mura amipere e mārama ana i ngā tiriti o te taone mō ngā tekau tau, engari e āta whakakapia ana e tētahi rama mā, mā hoki. Ko tēnei huringa e tohu ana i tētahi o ngā whakamohoatanga hanganga tino nui i roto i te hītori taone o nāianei, e whakahaeretia ana e te whakahau ā-ao mō te tiaki pūngao me te whakaiti i te kohukohu. I te whakawhānuitanga o ngā rangatiratanga me te pupuhi o te iwi whānui taone, kua tino nui te pēhanga o te pūngao ki ngā rauemi me te taiao. Ko te rama tiriti, i te nuinga o te wā ko te utu hiko nui rawa atu o te taone—e kaute ana ki te 40% o te pire hiko o te taone—kua noho hei ūnga matua mō ngā whakapainga tōtika. Ehara i te mea rerehua noa iho te kōwhiringa o te hangarau tīramarama i runga i o tātau huarahi; He pānga hōhonu tōna mō te haumarutanga tūmatanui, te pānga taiao, me ngā tahua taone. Mō ngā tekau tau, ko ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike (HPS) te hoiho mahi o te whakamāramatanga huarahi, e uara ana mō tō rātou roa i whakaritea ki ngā hangarau tōmua me tō rātou kaha ki te uru ki te kohu. Heoi anō, kua whakaaturia e te taenga mai o te hangarau Light Emitting Diode (LED) tētahi whiringa māia e nui ake ana i te HPS i ngā huarahi katoa e taea te ine. Ko tēnei tātaritanga whānui e hāngai ana ki ngā tawhā hangarau, ngā tūturu mahi, me ngā painga mo te wā roa o ngā hangarau e rua, e whakaatu ana he aha ngā rama tiriti LED i noho ai hei kōwhiringa tūturu mō ngā tāone hou, pūmau hoki e whai ana ki te whakatutuki i ā rātou whāinga tiaki pūngao me te whakaiti i te kohukohu.

He aha ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike (HPS) me te aha i tino paingia ai?

Ko ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike nō te whānau o ngā pūtake rama kaha tiketike (HID), he hangarau kua whakanuia te tīramarama o waho mō te hawhe rau tau. Ko ta rātau mahi e hāngai ana ki te whakawhiti i tētahi pewa hiko i roto i tētahi ngongo pewa uku e pupuri ana i te ranunga o te konupū, te konutai, me te korohū xenon. Ina tūtuki te pewa, ka whakaongaonga te kohu konutai me te whakaputa i te mārama, e whakaahuatia ana e tōna mura kōwhai kōwhai monochromatic. He maha ngā take māia i piki ake ai ngā rama HPS. I tukuna e rātau he pekenga nui i runga i o rātau tōmua, ngā rama kohu konupū, i te nuinga o te wā e 80 ki te 140 lumens mō ia watt, nāna rātou i tino pai ai mō tō rātou wā. Ko to rātau painga ā-ringa tino hākinakina ko ta rātau mahinga i roto i te rangi kino. Ko te roangaru kōwhai-karaka kaha, e whakawaengatia ana i te 589 nanometers, he iti iho te ngāwari ki te marara e ngā korakora wai i roto i te kohu, te marangai, me te hukarere. Nā tēnei āhuatanga i tino pai ai te rongo o ngā rama HPS mō te whakarato i tētahi taumata kitenga tauanga ina heke ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Heoi anō, ko tō rātou roanga o te ora, tae atu ki te 24,000 haora, he tino pai ake i runga i ngā whiringa kākano me ngā whiringa kōauau, e whakaiti ana i te auautanga o ngā huringa rama utu nui i te huarahi huarahi. I whakakotahitia ēnei take kia noho ko HPS te kōwhiringa taunoa, ā, i te nuinga o te wā, he kōwhiringa māmā mō ngā kaipūkaha rama o te rohe mō ngā tekau tau.

He aha ngā hē matua o ngā rama HPS i roto i te tīramarama huarahi?

Ahakoa tō rātou mana hītori, ka pāngia ngā rama HPS i ētahi hēnga hangarau, mahi hoki e kore ai e tika mō ngā paerewa tīramarama o nāianei. Ko te take nui tuatahi ko te iti o te whakamārama, te ōritetanga me te mana. Ko ngā rama HPS he pūtake mārama omnidirectional, ko te tikanga ka whakaputa mārama ki ngā ahunga katoa, pēnei i te mura kānara. Hei whakahaere i tēnei rama ki raro i te huarahi, me whakawhirinaki ngā rama ki ngā whakaata nui, kōpiko. He tino tōtika tēnei pūnaha ōmata. Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o te rama e mau ana i roto i te maunga, ka ngongo rānei e te whakaata i mua i te taenga atu ki te tiriti. I te nuinga o te wā he raruraru te tauira kurupae e hua ana, he tino nui rawa te mārama i raro tonu i te rama—i ētahi wā he nui ake i te 40 lux i runga i ngā huarahi tuarua—arā, he moumou te māramatanga. I tua atu, i waenganui i ngā pou pātata e rua, ka taea e te mārama te heke ki te iti iho i te 40% o taua uara tihi, e waihanga ana i ngā rohe pōuri mōrearea e whakararuraru ana i te haumarutanga o te atekōkiri me te kaiwaewae. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ōritetanga rawakore ka moumou te pūngao ki ngā wāhi kanapa rawa, engari kāore e tika te whakamārama i ētahi atu. Tērā, ko te tōtika katoa o tētahi rama HPS e tino whakakāhoretia ana e tēnei hoahoa. Ko te tōtika o te kaituku e tata ana ki te 50-60% anake, ko te tikanga e tata ana ki te 30-40% o te mārama i hangaia ka ngaro i roto i te maunga, he moumou taketake, kāore e taea te karo i te hangarau. Kātahi anō, ahakoa he roanga ariā o ngā rama HPS tae atu ki te 24,000 hāora, he poto ake te roanga o te ora. He tino tairongo rātou ki ngā tārere ngaohiko mātiti me te taiao mahi pākaha o tētahi pou tiriti, arā ko ngā wiriwiri auau i ngā waka, ngā tārere pāmahana tino nui, me te haukū. Ko te hua, ka nui ake i te 60% te auau o te rahunga ā-tau mō ngā tāutanga HPS, ā, ka nui ake ngā waea tiaki auau, utu nui hoki e whakakino ana i ngā penapena pūngao e mōhiotia ana.

He aha ngā rama tiriti LED me pēhea te whakatau i ēnei take?

Ka whakamahia e ngā rama tiriti LED ngā diode whakaputa mārama, he pūrere semiconductor mārō, hei pūtake whakamāramatanga. Kāore i te rite ki te HPS, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakamahana i ngā korohū i roto i te ngongo, ka whakaputaina e ngā LED te mārama mā tētahi tukanga e kiia nei ko te electroluminescence, e tuku ana ngā irahiko i roto i tētahi rauemi takawaenga i te pūngao ki te āhua o ngā whakaahua. Ko tēnei rerekētanga taketake o te ahupūngao e whakamāoritia hāngai ana ki te tini o ngā painga ā-ringa e whakatika ā-pūnaha ana i ngā raruraru e hāngai ana ki te hangarau HPS. Ko te mea tino nui o ēnei ko te roanga o te ora. Kua whakatauria tētahi rama tiriti LED kounga tiketike mō te oranga tōtika o te 50,000 ki te 100,000 hāora, neke atu rānei—he tino roa ake i te oranga ariā o tētahi rama HPS. Ko tēnei roanga e whakatau hāngai ana i ngā utu tautiakitanga tiketike me ngā mokatere rahunga e pā ana ki te HPS, e āhei ai ngā tāone ki te tāuta i ngā hanganga rama ka taea te whakawhirinaki mō ngā tau, tekau tau rānei me te kore raweke. Heoi anō, he tino rerekē, he tino pai ake te kounga o te mārama i hangaia e ngā LED. Mā tētahi taupū tāhuahua tae (CRI) e ngāwari ana te tae ki te 70, 80 rānei, ā, i te nuinga o te wā, he tūāwhiorangi whānui te rama LED, ā, he tata tonu te tāwhai i te awatea māori. I raro i te whakamāramatanga LED, he kanapa, he pono hoki ngā tae, e panoni ana i te taiao arokite o te pō. Ehara tēnei i te whakapainga rerehua noa iho; He pānga haumaru hōhonu tōna. Ko te āheinga o te whatu tangata ki te kite i te taumira, ki te tāutu i ngā ahanoa, me te urupare ki ngā mōrearea tūpono, e herea hāngai ana ki te kounga o te mārama. Mā te CRI teitei ake o ngā LED e āhei ai ngā atekōkiri me ngā kaiwaewae kia mārama ake te kite, te wehe i ngā taipitopito, me te urupare tere ake, mā te whakarei ake i te haumarutanga huarahi katoa e kore e taea e te rama monochromatic o HPS te ōrite.

He pēhea te whakarato i ngā rama tiriti LED i te kounga me te mana o te rama tiketike?

Ko ngā painga o ngā LED e toro atu ana i tua atu i te roanga o te ora me te tāhuahua tae ki te uho o te whakahaere me te whakahaere i te mārama ki te huarahi. Ko te āhuatanga tino whakarerekē ko tō rātou āhua aronga. Kāore i te rite ki ngā rama HPS e rehu ana i te rama ki ia ahunga, he aronga tūturu ngā LED, i te nuinga o te wā e whakaputa ana i te mārama i roto i tētahi tauira 180 waeine mai i tō rātou mata papatahi. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka hāngai māori te rama ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana—ki raro ki te tiriti—kaua ki roto i te maunga, ki runga rānei ki te rangi pō. Mā tēnei āhuatanga aronga, me ngā whakaata tuarua i hangaia tōtika pēnei i ngā arotahi, ka taea te whakahaere tōtika i te tuari mārama. Ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa rama te waihanga i ngā tauira kurupae tauwhāiti e ōrite ana ki te āhuahanga o tētahi huarahi, me te whakarite kia tika te whakanoho i te rama ki runga i te papa kohatu, ā, kāore e moumou ki te hanga i ngā mata, ngā tuawhenua, te āwhina rānei ki te pokenga mārama. Mā tēnei e whakakore te raruraru o te whakamāramatanga nui i raro i te pou me raro i te whakamāramatanga i waenganui i ngā pou, e waihanga ana i tētahi taiao tīramarama ōrite ake, haumaru ake hoki. Ka taea te whakarite pai i te ānau tuari mārama o tētahi rama tiriti LED kia eke ai ki ngā taumata mārama ōrite puta noa i te huarahi katoa, e whakamōrahi ana i te kitenga me te tōtika mō ia watt kua pau. Heoi anō, nā te mea he tino tika te hāngai o te mārama, he tino pai ake te tōtika o te rama. Ehara i te ngaro i te 30-40% o te mārama i roto i te maunga, ka taea e ngā rama tiriti LED te 90% neke atu rānei, ko te tikanga ko te nuinga o te mārama i hangaia e ngā LED ka whakamāramatia te ūnga tika, ko te tiriti anō.

He aha ngā rama tiriti LED he pai ake te pūngao me te taiao?

Ko te tōtika pūngao o ngā rama tiriti LED tētahi o ngā take tino māia, ā-pūtea hoki mō tō rātou whakatamarikitanga whānui. Kāore tēnei tōtika i takea mai i tētahi āhuahira kotahi, engari mai i tētahi pahekotanga kaha o ngā take: te mahinga pūtake tiketike, te tōtika o te rama tiketike, me te whakaurunga o ngā mana mōhio. Tērā pea ka puta mai i tētahi pūnaha HPS te 100 lumens mō ia watt mai i te rama anō, engari i muri i te kaute i ngā ngaronga ōmata nui i roto i te whakaata me te pūngao e pau ana i te pūnaha, ka tino heke te mahinga o te ao tūturu o te pūnaha. Ko tētahi pūnaha LED, e tīmata ana ki tētahi maramara tērā pea ka puta mai i te 150 lumens mō ia watt, ā, he iti noa iho te ngaro i ōna whakaata tōtika, ka nui ake te mārama ka taea te whakamahi ki te tiriti mō ia watt hiko e pau ana. Ka whakamāoritia tēnei ki te penapena pūngao hāngai o te 50% ki te 70% i whakaritea ki te HPS, he whakaiti e tino pā ana ki te pūtea whakahaere o tētahi taone me tōna tapuwae waro. Mā te whakapau hiko iti iho, ka whakahekea noatia hoki e mātou te whakahekenga o ngā korohū kati kati kino pēnei i te CO2 me ngā parakino pēnei i te SO2 mai i ngā tipu hiko, e āwhina hāngai ana ki ngā ūnga whakaiti ā-motu, ā-ao hoki. Heoi anō, ko ngā painga taiao e toro atu ana i tua atu i ngā penapena pūngao. Kei roto i ngā rama HPS he konupū, he neurotoxin kaha, e hiritia ana i roto i te ngongo pewa. Kia tae ēnei rama ki te mutunga o tō rātou oranga, me raweke hei ururua mōrearea. Mēnā ka pakaru rātou i te parae, ka whiua hētia rānei ki ngā putunga whenua, ka taea e rātou te tuku i tēnei taonga ki te taiao, e whakapoke ana i te oneone me te wai whenua. Ko ngā rama tiriti LED, he rerekē, ka whakamahi i te hangarau mārō, ā, kāore he konupū, ētahi atu rawa mōrearea rānei. He tino tukurua rātou, ā, e tohu ana i tētahi pūtake mārama tino rata ki te taiao, e hāngai ana ki ngā mātāpono o te mahi porohita o nāianei.

Me pēhea e hoatu ai e ngā pūnaha mana atamai he tapa ki ngā rama tiriti LED?

Ko tētahi painga whakamutunga, pūmau o ngā rama tiriti LED ko tō rātou hototahitanga korekore ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere mātauranga o nāianei, he āheinga e kore e taea e te hangarau HPS. He nui te whakahoki mahi o ngā rama HPS: e hiahiatia ana he wā mahana mō ngā meneti maha kia tae ki te tīahoaho katoa mai i te tīmatanga mātao, ā, ki te whakaweto, he wā whakamātao i mua i te whakakā anō. Mā tēnei e kore ai e taea te whakahaere hihiri, wā tūturu. Heoi anō, ka eke ngā rama tiriti LED ki te tīahoaho katoa i te wā e whakakāngia ana, kāore he wā mahana. Ko tēnei āheinga "inamata" te kī e wetemaukati ana i te kaha katoa o te tīramarama o te taone atamai. Ka taea te whakauru ngāwari ki ngā pūtau whakaahua, ngā pūoko nekeneke, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere matua (CMS) e whakawhiti kōrero ana mā ngā whatunga ahokore. Mā tēnei e āhei ai ngā rautaki penapena pūngao mātauranga kāore i te mōhiotia i mua. Hei tauira, ka taea te rehu i ngā rama ki te 30%, 40% rānei te huaputa i roto i ngā haora pō ina iti noa iho ngā waka, kātahi ka tīaho inamata ki te 100% ina kitea e tētahi pūoko he kaiwaewae, he kaieke paihikara, he waka rānei e whakatata mai ana. Ka taea e tēnei tīramarama urutau, ā-tono te penapena i tētahi atu 30-40% pūngao i tua atu i ngā penapena mai i te whakamohoa LED anō. Tērā anō, ka whakarato te CMS i te aroturuki wā tūturu o ia taputapu rama, e pūrongo inamata ana i ngā rahunga me te whakaae ki te whakatikatika tōtika. Mā tēnei e whakakore te hiahia mō ngā tautiaki pō utu nui, tōtika hoki ki te kimi i ngā rama kua tahuna, ā, ka whakarite kia whakatauria ngā weto i mua i te take haumaru. Mā tēnei taumata mana e huri te tīramarama tiriti mai i tētahi utanga ngoikore, i ngā wā katoa ki tētahi wae hohe, urupare hoki o te hanganga mōhio o tētahi taone.

He nui ake te tauwhiro mai i te mura amipere o te konutai pēhanga tiketike ki te rama mā mātao o ngā LED. E tohu ana i tētahi neke taketake i te āhua o te whakatata atu o ngā tāone ki ngā hanganga tūmatanui, te whakataurite i te mahinga, te utu, me te kawenga taiao. Ahakoa he pai te mahi a ngā rama HPS ki ngā hapori mō ngā tekau tau, ko ō rātou whāititanga hangarau tūturu—te tāhuahua tae rawakore, te tuari mārama kore, ngā mōrearea taiao, me te hototahitanga ki ngā mana o nāianei—ka noho hei hangarau o mua. Ko ngā rama tiriti LED e whakatau ana i ēnei hē, e tuku ana i tētahi rongoā pai ake, roa ake, haumaru ake, me te haepapa taiao ake. Mō tētahi taone, rohe rānei e hiahia ana ki te whakaiti i ngā utu mahi, ki te whakaheke i tōna tapuwae waro, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te ora me te haumaru mō ōna iwi, he tino nui te whakaaturanga: ko te wā heke mai o te rama huarahi he LED.

Ngā pātai auau mō ngā rama tiriti LED me HPS

Ka taea e au te whakakapi hāngai i tētahi pūrama HPS ki tētahi LED i roto i taku rama tiriti tīariari?

I te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakakapi noa i te rama HPS ki tētahi "kānga kānga" LED, ki tētahi pūrama tīwiri rānei. He tino rerekē ngā hangarau whakaata, te totohu wera, me ngā atekōkiri hiko. Mō tētahi whakahou tika, haumaru hoki, me whakakapi e koe te rama katoa ki tētahi rama tiriti LED i hangaia e koe, me whakamahi rānei i tētahi kete whakahou LED i hangaia mō tō maunga motuhake, e whakakapi ana i te huihuinga ōmata me te atekōkiri.

He pai ake te rama karaka mai i ngā rama HPS mō te kohu i te rama LED mā?

I te hītori, he pai ake te rama kōwhai/karaka o HPS mō te uruhanga kohu. Heoi anō, ko ngā rama tiriti LED o nāianei e whakamahi ana i te pāmahana tae (CCT) o te 3000K, 4000K rānei, he tūāwhiorangi whārite tōna. Ahakoa he iti iho te marara o te rama kōwhai roangaru, ko te kaha tiketike me te mana kurupae pū o ngā LED he pai ake te kitenga whānui i roto i te kohu. Tērā anō, he maha ngā maunga LED hōu ka taea te whakapūtā ki tētahi 2700K-3000K CCT "mahana" hei whakamōrahi i te mahinga huarere.

E hia te moni ka taea e tētahi taone te penapena mā te whakawhiti ki ngā rama tiriti LED?

He nui, he maha nga penapena. I te nuinga o te wā ka kite ngā tāone i te 50-70% whakahekenga o ngā utu pūngao mō te tīramarama tiriti i muri tonu i te tahuringa LED. Ina pahekotia ki te whakahekenga o ngā utu tiaki nā te roa ake o te oranga o ngā LED, me te kaha ki ētahi atu penapena mai i ngā mana hina urutau, ka utua e te katoa o ngā penapena utu whakahaere mō te kaupapa katoa i roto i te 5 ki te 7 tau, i muri iho ka penapena tonu te taone ki te penapena miriona i ia tau.