Te kupu taurangi o te LED māia e rere wera ana

He kitenga noa iho e pāngia ana e te tokomaha o ngā kiritaki, tae atu ki ētahi tohunga: E whakanuia ana ngā rama LED mō tō rātou kaha pūngao whakamīharo, engari i muri i te kā mō tētahi wā, ka wera rawa ō rātou wera ki te pā. Mēnā he nui rawa te penapena hiko o te LED i whakaritea ki tētahi pūrama tawhito, he aha i nui tonu ai te wera? Ko tēnei kupu taurangi tētahi o ngā pātai tino auau i te ao tīrama. Ehara te whakautu i te pūngao katoa i pau, engari i roto i te ahupūngao taketake o te āhua o te hanganga o te mārama, ā, ko te mea nui, me pēhea te kore e hangaia. Kia mārama ai he aha te take i wera ai te LED 15-watt i te 60-watt i mua, me āta tirotiro tātou ki ngā ariā o te tōtika tahuringa mārama, ngā momo pūngao rerekē (mārama me te wera), me te tūranga nui o te whakahaere wera i roto i ngā hiko o nāianei. Mā tēnei aratohu whānui e wetewete te mea ngaro o te wera LED, e whakamārama ana i te pūtaiao i roto i ngā kupu ngāwari me te miramira he aha te take ehara i te hē, engari he āhuatanga o te hoahoa LED tino kounga.

He pēhea te pai o ngā rama LED i whakaritea ki ngā hangarau tawhito?

Kia mōhio ai ki te huaputa wera o tētahi LED, me mātua whakataurite tātou i tōna tōtika ki ōna tōmua: ngā rama kōauau me ngā rama kiato (CFLs). Ko te ngahuru paerewa mō tēnei ko te mahinga mārama, e inetia ana ki ngā lumens mō ia watt (lm/W), e kī mai ana ki a mātou e hia te nui o te mārama e kitea ana mō ia wae hiko kua pau. He tino māia ngā pūrama kākano tūturu. Tata ki te 15 ki te 18 ngā lumens mō ia watt anake te kaha o te rama kākano. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, mō tētahi pūrama 60W, he nui rawa te pūngao—neke atu i te 95%—ka tahuri hāngai ki te wera (hihi pōkākā), me te hautanga iti noa iho, huri noa i te 3%, e whakaputa ana i te mārama e kitea ana e tātau. He hipanga nui whakamua ngā CFL, ngā pūrama penapena pūngao rānei, e eke ana ki te 50 ki te 60 lumens mō ia watt. Ka tahuri rātou mō te 20-25% o te hiko ki te mārama kitea, koia te take i tino mātao ake ai rātou i ngā kākano mō te huaputa mārama ōrite. Heoi anō, ko ngā LED te toa tōtika o nāianei. Ko ngā rama LED kounga tiketike ināianei ka tutuki i ngā mahinga o te 130 ki te 160 lumens mō ia watt, neke atu rānei. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka tahuri tata ki te 30% ki te 40% o te pūngao hiko ki te mārama kitea. He whakapainga whakamīharo tēnei, engari ka waiho tonu tētahi wāhanga nui—60% ki te 70%—o te pūngao me haere ki tētahi wāhi, ā, ko taua "wāhi" ko te wera nui.

He aha te take ka wera ai te LED 15-Watt mēnā he tino māia?

Koinei te uho o te kupu taurangi. He mārama ake te pai ake o te LED 15-watt e whakaputa ana i te rama ōrite ki te incandescent 60-watt. Heoi anō, ko te kī ko te titiro ki te whakamōhiotanga wera parakore. Ko te pūrama kākano, e pau ana i te 60 watts, ka whakaputa i te 57 watts o te wera parakore, engari ka whakawhitiwhitia tēnei wera ki runga i tētahi horahanga mata nui (te pūrama karaehe katoa) ā, ko te mea nui, ka whakaputaina hei pūhihi pōkākā. Ka haere atu tēnei wera pōkākā i te pūrama, ka whakamahana i te rūma engari kāore i te tino wera te mata o te pūrama i tētahi wāhi ārotahi, ahakoa kei te tino wera tonu. Ko te LED 15-watt, i tērā taha, he iti iho te wera parakore katoa—tata ki te 10 watts (mai i te mea ka mārama te 5 watts). Ko te raruraru, ko tēnei 10 watts o te wera e hangaia ana i roto i tētahi maramara semiconductor iti, iti iho i te maikuku. Mā tēnei e waihanga he rerenga wera tino tiketike, he pūngao wera rānei, i tētahi wāhi iti rawa. Ki te kore tēnei wera kaha e tere te tango atu i te maramara, ka piki te pāmahana o te tūtakinga LED i roto i ngā hēkona, ka tūkino wawe me te hinganga. Nō reira, ko te totohu wera e rongo ana koe i runga i te rama LED he kawenata ki tōna angitu ki te kukume i taua wera whakawhāiti i ngā hiko mārire me te whakakore ki te hau e karapoti ana. Kei te mahi te totohu wera i tana mahi, ā, ko te tikanga kei te mahi te pūnaha whakahaere wera ki te pare i te LED.

He aha te pūtaiao i muri i te whakatipuranga wera LED?

Ehara te wera i hangaia e te LED i te hua o te whakanao mārama tōtika i runga anō i te āhua o te mārama. I roto i te pūrama kākano, ko te wera (hihi pōkākā) he wāhanga tau tōpu o te tukanga whakatipuranga mārama; Ka wera te filament kia mura rā anō, ka puta mai he tūāwhiorangi whānui kei roto ko te mārama e kitea ana me te nui o te pōkākā ariari. Ka mahi ngā LED i runga i tētahi mātāpono rerekē e kiia nei ko te electroluminescence. Ina puta te au hiko i roto i tētahi rauemi semiconductor (te diode), ka whakaongaonga i ngā irahiko. Ina hoki ēnei irahiko ki tō rātou āhua pūnoa, ka tukua e rātou te pūngao ki te āhua o ngā whakaahua—ngā korakora mārama. Ko te tae, te roangaru rānei o tēnei rama e whakatauria ana e ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi takawaenga. He pai ake tēnei tukanga ki te whakaputa i te mārama kitea. Heoi anō, ehara i te 100% māia. Ka tūtaki hoki te nekehanga o ngā irahiko i roto i te semiconductor ki te ātete, he tītohunga e mōhiotia ana ko te ātete hiko. Ko tēnei parenga, tae atu ki ētahi atu tukanga pahekotanga kore i roto i te rauemi, ka tahuri i tētahi wāhanga o te pūngao hiko ki te wera (phonons, ngā wiriwiri kōpae rānei) i roto i te maramara LED. E kiia ana tēnei ko te whakamahana Joule. Nā reira, ahakoa he pai te tikanga whakaputa mārama, ko te ahupūngao tē taea te neke hiko i roto i tētahi rauemi e whakaputa wera ana i te pūtake.

He aha e kore ai e taea e ngā LED te whakaputa i te wera pēnei i ngā pūrama kākahu?

He rerekētanga tino nui tēnei i waenganui i ngā hangarau tīramarama tawhito me ngā hangarau hōu. Ka mahi ngā pūrama i ngā pāmahana tino tiketike (ka taea e te filament te neke atu i te 2,500°C). I ēnei pāmahana, ka whakaputaina e rātou tētahi wāhanga nui o tō rātou pūngao hei hihi pōkākā, he momo mārama e rongo ana tātau he wera. He huarahi tino pai tēnei ki te whakawhiti i te pūngao mai i te pūtake me te kore hiahia ki tētahi pūtātaki ōkiko. Ka whiti noa iho te wera i roto i te karaehe, ki te taiao. Heoi anō, i hoahoatia ngā LED kia mahi i ngā pāmahana iti iho, i te nuinga o te wā me te pāmahana tūtakinga mōrahi huri noa i te 85°C ki te 150°C. I ēnei pāmahana iti rawa, kāore rātau e whakaputa i te hihi pōkākā nui. Kāore e taea e te wera i hangaia i roto i te maramara LED te mawhiti mā te whitiwhiti; me whakahaere atu mā te whakapā ā-tinana. Koinei te wāhi e uru mai ai te totohu wera. Ka whakatūria te maramara LED ki tētahi rauemi atanga wera, e āpiti ana ki tētahi papa ara iahiko tā uho konganuku (MCPCB), kātahi ka whakapiria ki tētahi totohu wera konganuku nui. I hoahoatia tēnei ara katoa hei kawe i te wera i te maramara mā ngā rauemi mārō. Kātahi ka whakamahia e te totohu wera tōna horahanga mata nui me ngā taratara hei whakawhiti i taua wera ki te hau mā te convection. Nā reira, kāore ngā LED e "wera" i te āhua ōrite ki ngā kākano; he iti iho te wera katoa, engari he iti iho te wera o taua wera, ā, e hiahiatia ana he ara mātanga kia mawhiti, koia te take he āhuatanga nui te totohu wera nui, i te nuinga o te wā he mahana, he āhuatanga nui o tētahi rama LED hiko tiketike.

Ka aha mēnā ka wera rawa tētahi LED?

Ko te wera te hoariri tuatahi o te mahinga LED me te roanga o te ora. Kāore i te rite ki ngā pūrama kākano, e tino hinga ana, ka whakaheke ngā LED, engari ka whakatere te wera i tēnei whakahekenga. Ko te pānga tino wawe o te wera nui rawa ko te whakaiti i te huaputa mārama, he tītohunga e mōhiotia ana ko te whakahekenga o te lumen. I te pikinga o te pāmahana o te komititanga LED, ka taka tōna tōtika quantum ā-roto, ko te tikanga he iti ake ngā whakaahua mō te nui o te hiko ōrite. Koinei pea ka kite koe i te rama LED e hina ana i a ia e mahana ana. Ko te mea nui ake, ko te pāmahana tiketike e pā ana ki te tūkino pūmau. Ka taea e te wera te whakaiti i te koti phosphor e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā LED mā hei tahuri i te rama kikorangi ki tētahi tūāwhiorangi katoa, ka puta he huringa o te pāmahana tae i te roanga o te wā. Ka pakaru pea te rauemi semiconductor, ā, ka nui ake te ātete me te whakatipuranga wera anō i roto i tētahi huringa whakangaro. Ka ngoikore pea ngā here e pupuri ana i te maramara LED ki tōna papanga, ā, ka rahunga ā-tinana. I te mutunga, ka taea e te whakahaere wera kino te whakaiti i te roanga o te ora o tētahi LED mai i tōna 50,000+ hāora ki raro ki ētahi mano haora noa iho, e whakakore ana i tōna painga tuatahi. Koinei te take i nui ai te haumi a ngā kaiwhakanao ki te hoahoa wera, me te whakarite kia tika te rahi o te totohu wera, ā, he ara mārama, ātete iti hoki kia rere atu ai te wera i te maramara tairongo.

Me pēhea te whakahaere me te whakakore i te wera i roto i ngā pūnaha LED

Ehara te whakahaere wera tōtika i te whakaaro i roto i te hoahoa LED; He wāhanga tino nui tēnei o te tukanga pūkaha. He huarahi atamira-maha hei neke i te wera mai i te komititanga ki te hau taiao. Ko te hipanga tuatahi ko te kawenga. Ka whakakotahitia, ka honoa rānei te maramara LED ki tētahi papanga, i te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahi i tētahi "rauemi atanga wera" hei whakakī i ngā āputa hau moroiti e ārai ana i te wera. Ko tēnei papanga he Papa Arawhiti Tā Konganuku (MCPCB), he apa angiangi o te rauemi dielectric i runga i te pūtake konumohe, kapa rānei, e tere ai te hora o te wera. Mai i te MCPCB, ka neke te wera ki roto i te totohu wera. Ko te totohu wera te wāhanga tino kitea o te pūnaha whakahaere wera. He tino nui tōna hoahoa. I te nuinga o te wā he mea hanga ki te konumohe, he māmā, he pai hoki te kawe wera, ā, he maha ngā tara, pine rānei. Ka tino whakanuia e ēnei taratara te horahanga mata e pā ana ki te hau. Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga ko te convection, e whakawhiti ai te wera mai i ngā taratara ki te hau nekeneke. I roto i te maha o ngā totohu wera ngoikore, e whakawhirinaki ana tēnei ki te rere o te hau māori, e piki ai te hau wera, ā, ka whakakapia e te hau mātao. Mō ngā LED hiko tino tiketike, pērā i ērā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rama waipuke o te taiwhanga, kāore i te nui te whakamātao ngoikore, nā reira ka whakamahia te whakamātao hohe me ngā kaihautū hei whakahau i te hau ki runga i ngā tara, e tino whakanui ana i te whakawhitinga wera convective. Ko ētahi pūnaha arā atu anō e whakamahi ana i ngā paipa wera, i te whakamātao wai rānei kia pai ake ai te neke i te wera.

He aha te tūranga o te totohu wera i roto i te mahinga LED?

Ko te totohu wera te wae tino nui o tētahi rama LED i muri i te maramara LED. Ko tana mahi he whakarato i te rōrahi nui o ngā rauemi hei ngongo i te manawa wera me tētahi wāhi mata nui hei whakakore. Ko te rahi, te rauemi, me te āhuahanga o te totohu wera e whakatau hāngai ana i te kaha o te rama ki te pupuri i te pāmahana mahi haumaru. He māmā ake pea te waihanga i tētahi totohu wera iti, māmā hoki, engari ka tere te waiwai i te wera, ka nui te pāmahana o te tūtakinga LED, ka whakaheke te putanga mārama, me te poto o te roanga o te ora. Ko tētahi totohu wera i hoahoatia paitia, ahakoa ka tāpiri ki te utu me te taumaha o te maunga, ka taea e te LED te mahi i tōna tōtika i hoahoatia, ā, ka mutu mō tōna oranga whakatauranga katoa. Me hoahoa hoki ngā taratara o te totohu wera kia kore ai e rere te hau, kia kaua ai e whakatata rawa, ā, me whakaae te taiao tāuta o te rama ki te hauora. Mā te taupoki i tētahi rama LED, mā te tāuta rānei i roto i tētahi taputapu kōpani, kāore i te haurangi, ka matekai pea te wera o te LED. Nō reira, ina kōwhiri i tētahi hua LED, ko te kounga me te rahi o tōna totohu wera he tohu hāngai o te whāinga a te kaiwhakanao ki te mahinga me te roanga o te ora. Ko te totohu wera he tohu kei te pai te kukume i te wera i te maramara; Ko te tikanga pea o te totohu wera mātao kua mau te wera ki roto, he tohutohu mo te hinganga wawe.

Te wera me te tōtika puta noa i ngā hangarau tīramarama

Hei kite i ngā rerekētanga o te whakatipuranga wera me te tōtika, ka whakataurite te ripanga e whai ake nei i tētahi 60W incandescent, he 15W CFL, me tētahi LED 12W, e whakaputa ana i te nui o te mārama (tata ki te 800 lumens).

E mārama ana te whakaatu o tēnei whakataurite, ahakoa he iti rawa te wera katoa o ngā LED, ko te tikanga o te wera (te kawenga mā te totohu wera) te mea e mahana ai rātou ki te pā, he tohu o te pūkaha wera tōtika.

He aha te wā heke mai mō te tōtika LED me te wera?

Kei te tawhiti rawa atu te haerenga o te hangarau LED. Kei te mahi tonu ngā kairangahau me ngā kaipūkaha ki te whakapai ake i te tōtika taketake o ngā LED, e pana ana i ngā rohenga o ngā mea e taea ana. I tēnei wā, ko ngā LED tino pai anake e tahuri ana mō te 30-40% o te pūngao hiko ki te mārama kitea. Kua ngaro te toenga hei wera. Tērā tētahi pana pūtaiao nui kia mārama me te whakakore i ngā tukanga pahekotanga kāore i roto i te takawaenga e pā ana ki ēnei ngaromanga. Ko ngā nekehanga i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi, pēnei i te whakamahinga o te gallium nitride i runga i ngā papanga takawai me ngā hangarau ira quantum pukapuka, e kī taurangi ana ki te whakanui ake i te tōtika quantum ā-roto o ngā LED. He teitei ake te mōrahi ariā mō tētahi LED mā, tērā pea ka nui ake i te 50%, i te 60% rānei. I te pai ake o tēnei tōtika, ka iti iho te pūngao ka tahuri ki te wera mō te nui o te mārama. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka hiahiatia e ngā LED ā muri ake he totohu wera iti ake, iti iho te nui hei whakahaere i te kawenga wera whakaheke. Kei te kite kē mātou i tēnei ia me te whanaketanga o ngā LED maramara-on-board (COB) me ngā atekōkiri pai ake. Ko te whāinga whakamutunga he pūtake mārama e tahuri ana i te nuinga o tōna pūngao ki te mārama e kitea ana e tātau, ā, he iti noa iho te hua o te wera. Tae noa ki taua rā, ko te mārama me te whakanui i ngā hiahia whakahaere wera o te hangarau LED o nāianei te kī ki te hākinakina i ō rātou oranga roa me ngā painga penapena pūngao.

Ngā pātai auau mō te wera LED

He mea noa iho kia wera te pūrama LED ki te pā?

Āe, he tino noa iho kia mahana, kia wera rānei te pūtake, te wera rānei o te pūrama. E tohu ana tēnei kei te pai te tō wera i te wera mai i te maramara LED. Heoi anō, kaua e wera rawa kia mamae ina pā poto. Mēnā he wera rawa, tērā pea kei roto i tētahi maunga rāhui, kāore i te pai te hau, kei te hē rānei te pūrama.

Ka taea e te pūrama LED te ahi?

Ahakoa he iti iho te pāmahana o ngā pūrama LED i ngā pūrama kākano, ka mōrearea tonu te ahi mēnā he iti te kounga, he atekōkiri hē, ka whakamahia rānei ki tētahi huarahi e ārai ai i te wera. Hei tauira, mā te taupoki i tētahi pūrama LED ki te ārai, mā te whakamahi rānei i roto i tētahi maunga rāhui, kāore i te whakatauranga, ka wera rawa. Whāia ngā tohutohu a te kaiwhakanao i ngā wā katoa me te kimi i ngā hua kua whakamanatia.

Me pēhea e roa ake ai te roa o aku rama LED?

Ko te huarahi pai rawa atu ki te whakaroa i te oranga o ō rama LED ko te whakahaere i tō rātou wera. Me mātua whakarite kua tāutatia ki ngā taputapu e āhei ai te rere hau tika huri noa i te totohu wera. Kaua e rāhuitia ki ngā wāhi iti, kāore i te hauora ki te kore e whakatauria mō taua take. Ko te kōwhiri i ngā LED kounga tiketike mai i ngā kaiwhakanao rongonui, he pai ake te hoahoa wera, he kī hoki ki te roanga o te ora.