Ko e ʻuhinga ʻoku falalaʻanga ai ʻa e fakaʻuli LED ko e uho ia ʻo ha maama lelei

ʻOku lelei tatau pe ʻa e maama LED mo hono fakaʻuli. Neongo ʻoku faʻa maʻu ʻe he LED chips ʻa e langilangi ʻi heʻenau moʻui fuoloa mo e ivi lelei, ka ko e fakaʻuli—ko ha konga faingataʻa ʻo e ngaahi meʻa fakaʻilekitulonika malohi—ʻoku ne ʻai ke nau ngaue. Ko e tefitoʻi ngaue ʻa e fakaʻuli LED ke liliu ʻa e voltage AC ʻoku hu mai mei he mains ki ha maʻuʻanga tokoni ʻo e lolotonga DC ʻoku puleʻi. ʻOku ʻikai tatau ia mo ha maʻuʻanga voltage faingofua, ʻe lava ke kehekehe ʻa e output voltage ʻo ha maʻuʻanga tokoni lolotonga ke tatau mo e to ki muʻa ʻo e voltage (Vf) ʻo e uta ʻa e LED, ʻo fakapapauʻi ʻoku tafe maʻu pe ʻa e lolotonga ʻi he LEDs ʻo tatau ai pe pe ko e ha ʻa e fetoʻaki ʻo e mafana pe fanga kiʻi liliu iiki ʻi he LEDs. ʻI heʻene hoko ko ha konga mahuʻinga, ʻoku uesia fakahangatonu ʻe he tuʻunga lelei mo e palani ʻo e fakaʻuli LED ʻa e falalaʻanga, tuʻunga taʻeueʻia, mo e moʻui ʻo e maama kotoa. ʻOku ʻuhinga ʻa e maumau ʻa e fakaʻuli ki ha maama ʻoku ʻikai lelei, neongo ʻoku kei lava pe ʻa e LED kotoa pe ʻo maama. Meʻapango, ko e maumau ʻa e fakaʻuli ko e taha ia ʻo e ngaahi ʻuhinga angamaheni taha ʻo e maumau ʻa e maama LED. ʻOku ʻikai faʻa tupu ʻa e ngaahi fehalaaki ko ʻeni mei ha meʻa fakatuʻutamaki pe ʻe taha, ka mei hono fakatahaʻi ʻo e ngaahi taʻetokanga ki he fokotuʻutuʻu, ngaahi fehalaaki ʻi hono fakaʻaongaʻi, mo e ngaahi faingataʻa ʻo e ʻatakai. ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he fakamatala ko ʻeni ʻa e ʻanalaiso fakatekinikale mo e aʻusia moʻoni ʻo e tohi kole ke vakaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi ʻuhinga angamaheni ʻe hongofulu ʻoku ʻikai lava ai ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻuli LED, ʻo ʻomi ha ngaahi fakakaukau ʻe lava ke tokoni ki he kau ʻenisinia, kau fola mo e kau specifiers ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei he ngaahi tauhele ko ʻeni pea fakapapauʻi ʻoku tolonga mo falalaʻanga ange ʻa e ngaahi founga mama.

Ko e ha ʻoku fakatupu ai ʻe he mismatch ʻa e fakaʻuli ki he LED vf ʻa e maumau?

Ko e taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻa mahuʻinga taha ka ʻoku faʻa ʻikai fakatokangaʻi ʻi he palani ʻo e LED luminaire ko hono fakafehoanaki lelei ʻa e output voltage range ʻo e fakaʻuli ki he ngaahi fie maʻu ʻo e voltage moʻoni ʻo e uta LED. Ko e kavenga ʻo ha LED luminaire ko ha fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e LEDs, ʻoku faʻa fokotuʻutuʻu ʻi ha ngaahi afo ʻoku faitatau. Ko e voltage fakakatoa ʻo e ngaue (Vo) ʻo ha afo hokohoko ko e fakakatoa ia ʻo e voltages ki muʻa ʻo e LED fakafoʻituitui takitaha (Vo = Vf × Ns, ʻa ia ko e Ns ko e lahi ia ʻo e LEDs ʻi he hokohoko). Ko e meʻa mahuʻinga ko e Vf ʻoku ʻikai ko ha fika tuʻu maʻu mo tuʻumaʻu. ʻOku makatuʻunga ʻaupito ia ʻi he mafana ʻo e ʻea. Koeʻuhi ko e ngaahi koloa semiconductor ʻo e LEDs, ʻoku holo ʻa e Vf ʻi he fakautuutu ʻa e mafana ʻo e fetaulaki. ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe taha, ʻi he mafana maʻulalo, ʻoku tupulaki lahi ʻa e Vf. ʻOku ʻuhinga ʻeni ʻe maʻulalo ange ʻa e voltage ʻo e maama ʻi he taimi ʻoku vela ai (VoL) pea maʻolunga ange ʻi he taimi ʻoku momoko ai (VoH). ʻI he taimi ʻoku fili ai ha fakaʻuli LED, ʻoku mahuʻinga ke falute kakato ʻe he output voltage range ko ʻeni ʻoku ʻamanaki ki ai ʻa e VoL ki he VoH. Kapau ʻoku maʻulalo ange ʻa e voltage output ʻo e fakaʻuli ʻi he VoH, ʻe faingataʻaʻia ʻa e fakaʻuli ke tauhi ʻa e ʻene lolotonga ʻi he mafana maʻulalo. ʻE lava ke aʻu ki hono fakangatangata ʻo e voltage, ʻo tupu ai ʻa e lele ʻa e maama ʻi ha malohi maʻulalo ange ʻi he meʻa naʻe fakataumuʻa ki ai, ʻo maʻulalo ange ai ʻa e mama. Kapau ʻoku maʻolunga ange ʻa e voltage siʻisiʻi taha ʻo e fakaʻuli ʻi he VoL, ʻe fakamalohiʻi ʻa e fakaʻuli ke ngaue ʻi tuʻa ʻi hono tuʻunga lelei taha ʻi he mafana ʻo e ʻea. ʻE lava ke iku ʻeni ki he taʻepau, ʻo tupu ai ʻa e feliliuaki ʻa e output, kemo ʻa e mama, pe mate ʻa e fakaʻuli. Neongo ia, ʻoku ʻikai ko ha fakaleleiʻanga ʻa e tulifua pe ki ha ultra-wide output voltage range. ʻOku lelei taha ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻuli ʻi ha vahaʻa taimi pau ʻo e voltage; ʻOku fakaiku ʻa e fakalaka ʻi he matapa ko ʻeni ki he maʻulalo ange ʻa e lavameʻa mo e malohi ʻoku siʻisiʻi ange (PF). ʻOku toe fakalahi foki ʻe he fuʻu lahi ʻa e fakamole ki he ngaahi konga mo e faingataʻa ʻo e fokotuʻutuʻu. Ko e founga totonu ke fikaʻi totonu ʻa e lahi ʻo e Vo ʻoku ʻamanaki ki ai ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga pau ʻo e LED mo e mafana ʻo e ngaue pea fili ha fakaʻuli ʻoku feʻunga lelei ʻa e voltage range.

ʻOku fakaiku fefe hono tukunoaʻi ʻo e ngaahi piko ʻo e malohi ki he taʻemalava ʻa e fakaʻuli?

Ko ha fehalaaki angamaheni mo fakamole lahi ʻi he faʻufaʻu ʻo e maama ko hono lau ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e malohi ʻo e fakaʻuli ko ha tuʻunga mahuʻinga fakalukufua. Ko hono moʻoni, ʻoku makatuʻunga ʻa e malava ʻe ha fakaʻuli LED ke ʻoatu hono malohi kakato ʻi hono ʻatakai ngaue. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe he ngaahi kautaha faʻu fakaʻuli falalaʻanga ʻa e fakaikiiki ʻo e power derating curves ʻi heʻenau ngaahi tuʻunga pau ʻo e koloa. Ko e ongo meʻa mahuʻinga taha ko e load versus ambient temperature derating curve mo e load versus input voltage derating curve. ʻOku fakahaaʻi ʻe he ambient temperature derating curve ʻa e malohi lahi taha ʻe lava ke ʻoatu ʻe he fakaʻuli ʻi he fakautuutu ʻa e mafana ʻo e ʻea. ʻI he maʻolunga ange ʻa e mafana ʻo e ʻea, ʻoku lahi ange ʻa e mafana ʻo e ʻea ʻo e ngaahi konga ʻi loto, tautautefito ki he electrolytic capacitors mo e semiconductors. Ke tauhi ʻa e falalaʻanga mo taʻofi ʻa e maumau vave, kuo pau ke fakalele ʻa e fakaʻuli ʻi ha malohi maʻulalo ange. Hange ko ʻeni, ko ha fakaʻuli ʻoku fakafuofuaʻi ki he 100W ʻi he 40°C ʻe lava pe ke ne lava ʻo 70W ʻi he 60°C. Kapau ʻe fokotuʻu ʻe ha tokotaha tisaini ʻa e fakaʻuli ko ʻeni ʻi loto ʻi ha maama vela mo ʻikai lelei ʻa e ʻea ʻo ʻikai vakaiʻi ʻa e piko, mahalo ʻoku ʻikai ke nau ʻiloʻi ʻoku nau kole ki ai ke ne ʻoatu ʻa e 100W ʻi ha mafana ʻo e ʻea ʻo e 60°C. ʻE fakatupu ʻe he meʻa ni ke fuʻu vela ʻa e fakaʻuli, ʻo iku ki ha fakanounou ʻaupito ʻo e moʻui pe maumau he taimi pe ko ia. Ko e meʻa tatau pe, ʻoku fakahaaʻi ʻe he input voltage derating curve ʻa e malava ʻa e fakaʻuli ʻi he voltages kehekehe ʻo e mains. ʻE lava ke ʻomi ʻe he kau fakaʻuli ʻe niʻihi ʻa e malohi kakato ʻi loto pe ʻi ha voltage siʻisiʻi (e.g., 220-240V) pea ʻe fie maʻu ke derated kapau ʻoku ʻi he ngataʻanga maʻulalo ʻo hono tuʻunga tali (e.g., 180V). Ko hono tukunoaʻi ʻo e ngaahi fie maʻu ko ʻeni ko hono fokotuʻutuʻu ia ʻo ha polokalama ke ʻikai ola lelei, he ʻe ngaue ʻa e fakaʻuli ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga ʻo e mafana ʻo e ʻea pe ʻuhila naʻe ʻikai faʻu ke hokohoko atu.

Ko e ha ʻoku fakatupu ai ʻe he ngaahi fie maʻu taʻemoʻoni ʻo e katakiʻi ʻo e malohi ha ngaahi palopalema?

ʻI he taimi ʻe niʻihi, ʻoku fakafeʻiloaki ʻe he ngaahi fie maʻu ʻa e kasitomaa ki he LED luminaires ʻa e ngaahi tuʻunga pau ʻoku fepaki mo e ngaahi tefitoʻi ʻulungaanga ngaue ʻo e LEDs mo honau ngaahi fakaʻuli. Ko ha sipinga angamaheni ko ha kole ke fokotuʻu ʻa e malohi ʻo e maama takitaha ki ha tuʻunga fasiʻi ʻaupito, hange ko e ±5%, pea ke liliu tonu ʻa e output lolotonga ke feau ʻa e malohi totonu ko ʻeni ki he maama kotoa pe. Neongo ʻe lava ke tupu ʻa e kole pehee mei ha holi ke tuʻumaʻu haohaoa ʻi he fakamaketi pe fikaʻi ʻo e ivi, ka ʻoku ne tukunoaʻi ʻa e fisiki ʻo e LEDs. Hange ko ia kuo aleaʻi, ʻoku liliu ʻa e voltage ki muʻa (Vf) ʻo ha LED ʻi he mafana ʻo e ʻea. ʻIkai ngata ai, ʻe liliu ʻa e tuʻunga lelei fakalukufua ʻo e fakaʻuli LED ʻi heʻene mafana pea aʻu ki he potupotutatau ʻo e mafana ʻo e ʻea; ʻOku angamaheni ʻaki ke maʻulalo ange ia ʻi he kamataʻanga pea tupulaki ʻi he taimi ʻoku mafana ai. Ko ia ai, ʻoku ʻikai tuʻu maʻu ʻa e malohi ʻo ha luminaire. ʻE kehekehe ia ʻo fakatatau ki he mafana ʻo e ʻatakai ʻo e ngaue, loloa ʻo e ngaue (tatau ai pe pe kuo toki fakamoʻui pe kuo lele ʻi ha ngaahi houa), pea naʻa mo e fanga kiʻi liliu iiki ʻi he LEDs. ʻOku faʻa taʻeʻaonga ʻa e feinga ke fakamalohiʻi ha fakaʻuli ke ne ʻoatu ha malohi pau ʻaki hono fakasiʻisiʻi ʻa e malohi ʻo e output current. Ko e founga lelei ange ko hono fakamahinoʻi ʻa e katakiʻi ʻo e malohi ʻoku ne fakamatalaʻi ʻa e ngaahi kehekehe moʻoni ko ʻeni. Ko e tefitoʻi taumuʻa ʻo e fakaʻuli LED ke hoko ko ha maʻuʻanga tokoni tuʻumaʻu ʻo e lolotonga, ʻo ʻomi ʻa e lolotonga tuʻumaʻu mo predictable ki he LEDs. Ko e input power ko e ola hono ua ia ʻo e lolotonga ko ia, ʻa e voltage LED, mo e lavameʻa ʻa e fakaʻuli. ʻE lava ke fakaiku ʻa hono fakamahinoʻi ʻo e ngaahi fakaʻuli ʻo makatuʻunga ʻi he ʻikai moʻoni ʻa e tuʻunga ʻo e malohi ki hono fakafisingaʻi ʻo e ngaahi koloa lelei, lahi ange ʻa e fakamole ki hono kosi ʻo e angamaheni, pea mo ha taʻemahino mahuʻinga ki he founga ngaue ʻa e polokalama.

ʻE lava fefe ke fakaʻauha ʻe he ngaahi founga sivi hala ʻa e ngaahi driver LED?

ʻOku ʻikai ko ha meʻa foʻou ke maumau ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻuli LED foʻou lolotonga e ʻuluaki sivi ʻa e kasitomaa, ʻo iku ki he aofangatuku hala ʻoku maumau ʻa e koloa. ʻI he lahi ʻo e ngaahi meʻa ko ʻeni, ʻoku ʻikai tupu ʻa e maumau ko ʻeni mei ha fehalaaki ʻi he fakaʻuli, ka ko ha founga sivi hala mo maumau. Ko ha sipinga angamaheni ko hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e variac (variable auto-transformer) ke ʻohake mamalie hake ʻa e input voltage. ʻE lava ke fakafehokotaki ʻe ha ʻenisinia ʻa e fakaʻuli ki he variac, seti ʻa e variac ki he noa, pea toki fulihi mamalie ia ki he voltage ngaue (e.g., 220V). Neongo ʻoku ngali tokanga ʻeni, ka ʻoku fuʻu fakamafasia ʻaupito ia ki he tuʻunga ʻo e fakaʻuli. ʻI he maʻulalo ʻaupito ʻo e input voltages, ʻe lava ke ʻikai ngaue kakato ʻa e circuits ʻo e fakaʻuli, ka ʻoku fehokotaki ʻa e input rectifier mo e fuse. ʻI he fakautuutu mamalie ʻa e voltage, ʻoku feinga ʻa e fakaʻuli ke kamata mo toʻo ʻa e malohi, ka ʻoku ʻikai ke ʻi honau tuʻunga angamaheni ʻa e circuits ʻi loto. ʻE lava ke fakatupu ʻe he meʻa ni ʻa e input current ke maʻolunga ange ʻi he ʻau ʻo e inrush, ʻe lava ke puhi ʻa e fuse, overstressing ʻa e hala fakakavakava rectifier, pe maumauʻi ʻa e input thermistor. Ko e founga sivi totonu ʻoku fehangahangai ia: ʻuluaki, seti ʻa e variac ki he voltage nominal ʻa e fakaʻuli (e.g., 220V). Hili ia, ʻi he motuhi ʻa e fakaʻuli, fakaʻaongaʻi ʻa e malohi ki he variac. Ko ʻene tuʻu maʻu pe ʻa e output voltage ʻi he 220V, fakahoko ʻa e fakaʻuli ki ai. ʻE kamata leva ʻa e fakaʻuli ʻi he founga naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu mo mapuleʻi. Neongo ʻe lava ke kau ʻi he ngaahi fakaʻuli maʻolunga ʻe niʻihi ʻa e input undervoltage maluʻi pe ko ha startup voltage fakangatangata ke maluʻi mei he faʻahinga ngaue hala ko ʻeni, ko ha meʻa angamaheni ia ʻi he ngaahi fakaʻuli lahi. Ko ia ai, ʻoku mahuʻinga ke mahino mo muimui ki he founga sivi totonu ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei hono fakahalaiaʻi hala ʻo e ngaahi koloa lelei.

Ko e ha ʻoku kehekehe ai ʻa e ola ʻo e ngaahi sivi kehekehe?

Ko ha tupuʻanga angamaheni ʻo e puputuʻu lolotonga hono siviʻi ʻo e fakaʻuli ko e taimi ʻoku ngaue lelei ai ʻa e fakaʻuli ʻi he taimi ʻoku fakafehokotaki ai ki ha uta LED moʻoni, ka ʻoku ʻikai ngaue lelei, ʻikai lava ke kamata, pe ʻulungaanga taʻefeʻunga ʻi he taimi ʻoku fehokotaki ai ki ha kavenga fakaʻilekitulonika (e-load). ʻOku faʻa ʻi ai ha taha ʻo e ngaahi tupuʻanga ʻe tolu ʻo e faikehekehe ko ʻeni. ʻUluaki, ʻe lava ke hala hono fokotuʻutuʻu ʻo e uta fakaʻilekitulonika. ʻE lava ke lahi ange ʻa e output voltage pe malohi ʻoku fie maʻu ʻe he e-load ʻi he feituʻu ngaue ʻa e fakaʻuli pe ko e feituʻu malu ʻo e ngaue ʻa e e-load. Ko ha tuʻutuʻuni, ʻi he taimi ʻoku siviʻi ai ha maʻuʻanga tokoni ʻo e lolotonga ʻi he tuʻunga ʻo e voltage (CV), ʻoku totonu ke ʻoua naʻa laka hake ʻa e malohi ʻo e sivi ʻi he 70% ʻo e malohi lahi taha ʻo e e-load ke fakaʻehiʻehi mei he fuʻu malohi ʻo e maluʻi. Ua, ʻe lava ke ʻikai fenapasi ʻa e ngaahi ʻulungaanga pau ʻo e e-load mo e control loop ʻa e fakaʻuli. ʻE lava ke fakatupu ʻe he ngaahi e-load ʻe niʻihi ʻa e voltage position jumps pe oscillations ʻa ia ʻoku ne puputuʻu ʻa e feedback circuitry ʻa e fakaʻuli. Tolu, ʻoku faʻa maʻu ʻe he ngaahi kavenga fakaʻilekitulonika ʻa e malohi ʻo e input ʻi loto. ʻE lava ke liliu ʻe hono fakafehokotaki fakahangatonu ʻo e capacitance ko ʻeni ʻi he taimi tatau mo e output ʻa e fakaʻuli, ʻo uesia ai ʻa e ongoʻi lolotonga ʻa e fakaʻuli pea fakatupu ai ʻa e taʻepau. Koeʻuhi ʻoku fakataumuʻa pau ʻa e fakaʻuli LED ke ne feau ʻa e ngaahi ʻulungaanga ʻo e ngaue ʻa e LED luminaire—ʻa ia ʻoku kehe ʻaupito ʻa e impedance mo e tali fakataimi mei he e-load—ko e sivi totonu mo falalaʻanga taha ko hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo ha kavenga LED moʻoni. ʻOku ʻomi ʻe hono fakafehokotaki ʻo ha ngaahi chips LED moʻoni, fakataha mo ha ammeter mo ha voltmeter parallel, ʻa e simulation moʻoni taha ʻo e ngaue moʻoni ʻi he mamani pea fakaʻehiʻehi mei he ngaahi meʻa fakaʻilekitulonika.

Ko e ha ha ngaahi fehalaaki angamaheni ʻi he uaea ʻoku iku ki he maumau ʻa e fakaʻuli he taimi pe ko ia?

Ko e lahi ʻo e ngaahi maumau ʻa e fakaʻuli ʻoku ʻikai tupu ia mei he motuʻa mamalie ka ko e fehalaaki fakafokifa mo fakatuʻutamaki lolotonga hono fola. ʻOku faʻa faingofua pe ʻa e ngaahi fehalaaki ko ʻeni ka ʻoku fakamamahi. Ko ha fehalaaki ʻoku faʻa hoko ko hono fakahoko fakahangatonu ʻo e AC ki he DC output terminals ʻo e fakaʻuli. ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he meʻa ni ʻa e AC voltage maʻolunga ki he ngaahi konga naʻe fokotuʻutuʻu pe ki he DC maʻulalo, ʻo fakaʻauha he taimi pe ko ia ʻa e output capacitors mo e rectifiers. Ko e fehalaaki angamaheni ʻe taha ko hono fakahoko ʻo e AC ki he input ʻo ha driver DC/DC, ʻa ia ʻoku fakataumuʻa ke maʻu ha voltage DC mei ha maʻuʻanga ʻuhila kehe. ʻOku tatau pe ʻa e ola: ʻikai ola lelei he taimi pe ko ia. Ki he kau fakaʻuli ʻoku lahi ʻenau outputs pe ngaahi ngaue tokoni hange ko e dimming, ʻe lava ke fakafehokotaki fakatuʻupake ʻa e output ʻo e lolotonga ki he ngaahi uaea ʻoku puleʻi ʻa e dimming, ʻa ia ʻe lava ke maumauʻi ai ʻa e circuit dimming pelepelengesi. Mahalo ko e miswiring fakatuʻutamaki taha, mei he tafaʻaki ʻo e malu, ko hono fakafehokotaki ʻo e uaea moʻui (phase) ki he kelekele terminal. ʻE lava ke hoko ʻeni ko e moʻui ʻa e fale ʻo e maama ʻo ʻikai ngaue ʻa e fakaʻuli, ʻo fakatupu ai ha fakatuʻutamaki lahi ʻo e ʻohovale pea malava ke humu ai ʻa e ngaahi meʻa fakahohaʻasi ʻo e fehalaaki ʻi he kelekele. ʻOku fakamamafaʻi ʻe he ngaahi fehalaaki ko ʻeni ʻa e mahuʻinga ʻo e fakaʻilonga mahino ʻi he ngaahi fakaʻuli mo e ngaahi founga fola fakalelei mo akoʻi, tautautefito ki he ngaahi polokalama faingataʻa ʻi tuʻa ʻa ia ʻoku ʻi ai ha ngaahi uaea mo e ngaahi konga lahi.

ʻOku fakatupu fefe ʻe he ngaahi polokalama ʻuhila konga tolu ʻa e maumau ʻa e fakaʻuli?

Ko e ngaahi maama lalahi ʻi tuʻa, hange ko e maama hala pe maama ʻi he malaʻe vaʻinga, ʻoku faʻa fakalele ia ʻe ha polokalama ʻuhila konga tolu, uaea ʻe fa. ʻI ha fokotuʻutuʻu angamaheni (e.g., ʻi he ngaahi fonua lahi), ko e voltage ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo ha laine ʻe taha mo e laine ʻoku ʻikai kau ki ai (noa) ko e 220VAC. Ko e meʻa ʻeni ʻoku fakataumuʻa ki ai ʻa e single-phase LED drivers. Neongo ia, ko e voltage ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e ongo laine kehekehe ʻe ua ko e 380VAC. ʻE lava ke hoko ha fehalaaki mahuʻinga ʻi hono fola kapau ʻoku fehalaaki ʻa e ngaue langa ʻi hono fakafehokotaki ʻo e ngaahi uaea input ʻa e fakaʻuli ki ha ongo laine kehekehe kae ʻikai ko e konga pe ʻe taha mo e tuʻu ʻi tuʻa. ʻI he taimi ʻoku fakaʻaongaʻi ai ʻa e malohi, ʻoku moʻulaloa leva ʻa e fakaʻuli ki he 380VAC, ʻo laka mamaʻo ʻaupito ʻi hono voltage input maʻolunga taha. ʻE fakatupu ʻe he meʻa ni ha maumau fakavavevave mo fakatuʻutamaki, ʻo faʻa ʻasi mai ha maumau ki he ngaahi konga ʻoku fakahu mai. ʻOku fie maʻu ke taʻofi ʻeni ke muimui pau ki he ngaahi fakatata ʻo e uaea, fakaʻilonga mahino ʻi he ngaahi puha fetaulaki, pea mo ha ako fakaʻauliliki ki he kau ngaue fola. Ko ha tokoni mahuʻinga ʻa e fakalanu ʻo e ngaahi uaea (e.g., lanu melomelo pe ʻuliʻuli ki he ngaahi tuʻunga, lanu pulu ki he tuʻu ʻi tuʻa) ka kuo pau ke fakahoko maʻu pe mo totonu. Ko hono fakapapauʻi ʻo e voltage ʻi he feituʻu ʻo e fehokotakiʻanga ʻaki ha multimeter kimuʻa pea toki fakahoko ʻa e fakaʻuli ko e founga pau taha ia ke taʻofi ai ʻa e faʻahinga fehalaaki ko ʻeni.

Ko e ha ʻe lava ai ke maumauʻi ʻe he fetoʻaki ʻo e grid ʻuhila ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻuli LED?

Naʻa mo e taimi ʻoku fokotuʻu totonu ai ʻa e fakaʻuli, ʻe kei lava pe ke fakatuʻutamaki mei he ngaahi fakahohaʻasi ʻi he grid ʻuhila. Neongo ʻoku fakataumuʻa ʻa e kau fakaʻuli ke ngaue ʻi loto ʻi ha tuʻunga pau ʻo e input voltage (e.g., 180-264VAC ki ha fakaʻuli 220V), ʻe lava ke aʻusia ʻe he grid ha ngaahi fetoʻaki lahi. ʻOku moʻoni ʻeni ʻi he ngaahi feituʻu loloa ʻo e vaʻa pe ʻi he ngaahi netiueka ʻoku nau ʻomi foki mo e ngaahi uta lalahi hange ko e ngaahi misini mamafa, pamu, pe lifi. ʻI he taimi ʻoku kamata ai ha misini lahi pehee, te ne lava ʻo tohoakiʻi ha fuʻu ʻau lahi ʻo fakatupu ha holo fakataimi kae mahuʻinga ʻi he voltage ʻo e grid. ʻI he taimi ʻoku tuʻu ai, ʻe lava ke ne fakatupu ha voltage spike. ʻE lava ʻe he ngaahi meʻa ko ʻeni ʻo fakatupu ʻa e voltage ʻo e grid ke vilo lahi, ʻo malava ke laka hake ʻi he tuʻunga malu ʻo e fakaʻuli. Kapau ʻe lahi ange ʻa e voltage ʻi he taimi pe ko ia, hange ko ʻeni, 310VAC ʻi ha milliseconds siʻi, ʻe lava ke ne fuʻu totuʻa ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻoku fakahu pea maumauʻi ʻa e fakaʻuli. ʻOku mahuʻinga ke fakafaikehekeheʻi ʻa e ngaahi malohi ko ʻeni mei he ngaahi spike ʻoku fakatupu ʻe he ʻuhila. ʻOku fakataumuʻa ʻa e ngaahi meʻangaue maluʻi ʻuhila (hange ko e varistors) ke ne clamp vave ʻaupito ʻa e pulses ivi maʻolunga ʻi he microseconds. Ka neongo ia, ʻoku tuai ange ʻa e ngaahi fetoʻaki ʻo e grid, ʻoku feʻunga mo e milliseconds ʻe hongofulu pe laungeau, pea ʻe lava ke lomekina ʻa e input circuitry ʻa e fakaʻuli neongo ʻoku ʻi ai ʻa e tefitoʻi maluʻi ʻo e fakaʻuli. ʻI he ngaahi feituʻu ʻoku ʻikai ke tuʻu maʻu ai ʻa e grid pe ofi ki he ngaahi meʻangaue lalahi, ʻe ala fie maʻu ke vakaiʻi ʻa e tuʻunga taʻeueʻia ʻo e grid pe, ʻi he ngaahi meʻa ʻoku fuʻu totuʻa, fakakaukauʻi ʻa e power conditioning pe ko ha transformer makehe ki he circuit.

ʻOku fakaiku fefe ʻa e kovi ʻo e vela ki he ʻikai ola lelei ʻa e fakaʻuli?

Ko e ʻuhinga fakaʻosi, pea mahalo ko e lahi taha, ʻo e ʻikai ola lelei ʻa e fakaʻuli ko e ʻikai lelei hono puleʻi ʻo e mafana ʻo e ʻea. Ko e vela ko e fili ia ʻo e ngaahi meʻa fakaʻilekitulonika kotoa pe, pea ko e ngaahi konga ʻi loto ʻi ha driver LED—tautautefito ki he electrolytic capacitors mo e semiconductors—ʻoku matuʻaki ongoʻingofua ʻa e mafana ʻo e ʻea. ʻOku fakatupu ʻe he fakaʻuli ʻa e vela koeʻuhi ko ʻene taʻefeʻunga. Kuo pau ke ʻave ʻa e vela ko ʻeni ki he ʻatakai ʻoku ʻi ai. Kapau ʻoku fokotuʻu ʻa e fakaʻuli ʻi ha feituʻu ʻoku ʻikai ʻea mo tapuni, hange ko e loto fale ʻo e maama kuo tapuni, ʻe lava ke vave ʻa e vela. ʻE lava ke maʻolunga ange ʻa e mafana ʻo e ʻea ʻi loto ʻi he ʻea ʻi tuʻa. Ke fakasiʻisiʻi ʻeni, ʻoku totonu ke fetuʻutaki fakahangatonu ʻa e fale ʻo e fakaʻuli mo e fale ʻi tuʻa ʻo e maama ʻi he lahi taha ʻe lava. Ko e sino ʻo e mama, ʻa ia ʻoku faʻa ngaohi mei he ʻalaminiume, ʻe lava ke hoko ia ko ha fuʻu meʻa vela ki he fakaʻuli. Kapau ʻe fakaʻata ʻa e ngaahi tukunga, ʻe lava ke fakaleleiʻi ʻaupito ʻa e feʻaveʻaki vela ʻi hono fakaʻaongaʻi ʻo e ngaahi naunau ʻo e mafana ʻo e ʻea, hange ko e ngako mafana pe ko ha pad conductive thermally, ʻi he vahaʻa ʻo e puha ʻo e fakaʻuli mo e feituʻu ʻoku fokotuʻu ai ʻa e maama ʻo e maama ʻo fakaleleiʻi ʻa e feʻaveʻaki vela. ʻOku fakaʻata heni ʻa e mafana ʻo e fakaʻuli ke ʻave ki he faʻunga ʻo e maama pea toki convected ki he ʻea ʻi tuʻa. Ko e ʻikai ke fakakaukauʻi ʻa e ʻatakai vela ʻo e fakaʻuli ʻoku taʻo ia mei loto. ʻI hono fakapapauʻi ʻoku lelei ʻa e fetuʻutaki mafana pea ʻi he feituʻu ʻe lava ai, ʻe lava ke tauhi ke maʻulalo ange ʻa e mafana ʻo e ngaue ʻa e fakaʻuli, ʻo fakaleleiʻi fakahangatonu ai ʻene lavameʻa, fakaloloa ʻene moʻui, pea fakaʻehiʻehi mei he maumau taʻehoko.

Ngaahi Fehuʻi ʻOku Faʻa ʻEke Fekauʻaki mo e Ngaahi Maumau ʻa e Fakaʻuli LED

Ko e ha ʻa e tupuʻanga angamaheni taha ʻo e maumau ʻa e fakaʻuli LED?

Neongo ʻoku lahi ʻa e ngaahi tupuʻanga, ka ko e vela ʻa e meʻa lahi taha ʻoku mafola mo angamaheni. ʻOku hanga ʻe he vela lahi ʻo fakamafasiaʻi ʻa e ngaahi konga ʻi loto, tautautefito ki he electrolytic capacitors, ʻo fakavaveʻi ʻenau motuʻa pea iku ki he taʻelavameʻa taʻehoko. Ko e ʻikai lelei hono puleʻi ʻo e mafana ʻo e ʻea, tatau ai pe pe ko e tupu mei ha ʻatakai vela pe siʻisiʻi ʻa e mafana ʻo e ʻea, ko e tefitoʻi tupuʻanga ia ʻo e fakasiʻisiʻi ʻo e moʻui ʻa e fakaʻuli.

ʻE lava ke maumauʻi ʻe ha fakaʻuli LED maumau ʻa e chips LED?

ʻIo, ko e moʻoni ia. ʻE lava ke taʻepau ʻa e fakaʻuli ʻoku ʻikai ola lelei pea ʻoku fuʻu lahi ʻa e ʻau pe voltage spikes. ʻE lava ke fakatupu ʻe he "overdriving" ko ʻeni ʻo e LEDs ke nau vela mo vela vave, ʻo faʻa tuku ai ha ngaahi feituʻu ʻuliʻuli ʻi he chips. ʻI he tukunga ko ʻeni, mahalo he ʻikai feʻunga hono fetongi pe ʻo e fakaʻuli kapau kuo ʻosi maumau ʻa e LEDs.

ʻE anga fefe haʻaku ʻiloʻi pe ʻoku ʻikai ola lelei ha driver LED?

ʻOku kau ʻi he ngaahi fakaʻilonga angamaheni ʻo e ʻikai ola lelei ʻa e fakaʻuli: ʻoku ʻikai ke ulo ʻa e mama, kemo pe tapa ʻa e mama, ko ha longoaʻa ʻoku haʻu mei he fakaʻuli, pe ko e mama ʻoku poipoila mo taʻetatau. Kapau ʻoku fakapapauʻi ʻoku ʻi ai ha ʻuhila ki he meʻa ʻoku hoko, ʻoku meimei ke tuhu maʻu pe ʻa e ngaahi fakaʻilonga ko ʻeni ki ha fakaʻuli ʻoku ʻikai ola lelei pe ʻikai lelei. ʻI he ngaahi meʻa ʻe niʻihi, ʻe lava ke ʻilo ʻe ha sivi ʻoku pupula pe mama ʻa e capacitors ʻi he circuit board ʻa e fakaʻuli.