Te kupu taurangi o te LED māia e rere wera ana

He kitenga noa iho e pākiki ana i te tini o ngā kaihoko, tae atu ki ētahi tohunga: E whakanuia ana ngā rama LED mō tō rātou kaha pūngao whakamīharo, engari i muri i te kā mō tētahi wā, ka wera rawa ō rātou totohu wera ki te pā. Mēnā he nui rawa te hiko e penapena ana i te LED i whakaritea ki tētahi pūrama kākano tawhito, he aha i nui tonu ai te wera? Ko tēnei kupu taurangi tētahi o ngā pātai auau i te ao tīrama. Ehara te whakautu i te pūngao katoa e pau ana, engari i roto i te ahupūngao taketake o te hanganga o te mārama, ā, ko te mea nui, he pēhea e kore ai e hangaia. Kia mārama ai he aha te take e wera ai te LED 15-watt pērā i te 60-watt incandescent i mua, me āta tirotiro tātou ki ngā ariā o te tōtika tahuringa mārama, ngā momo pūngao rerekē (mārama me te wera), me te tūranga nui o te whakahaere wera i roto i ngā hiko o nāianei. Mā tēnei kaiārahi whānui e wetewete i te mea ngaro o te wera LED, e whakamārama ana i te pūtaiao i roto i ngā kupu ngāwari me te miramira he aha te take ehara i te hē te whakakore wera tika, engari he āhuahira o te hoahoa LED kounga tiketike.

He pēhea te pai o ngā rama LED i whakaritea ki ngā hangarau tawhito ake?

Kia mōhio ai ki te huaputa wera o tētahi LED, me mātua whakataurite tātou i tōna tōtika ki ōna tōmua: ngā rama kōauau me ngā rama kōauau kiato (CFLs). Ko te ngahuru paerewa mō tēnei ko te mahinga mārama, e inetia ana ki ngā lumens mō ia watt (lm/W), e kī mai ana ki a mātau te nui o te mārama e kitea ana mō ia wae hiko e pau ana. He koretake ngā pūrama kākano tūturu. Tata ki te 15 ki te 18 ngā lumens mō ia watt noa iho te kaha o te rama kākano. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, mō tētahi pūrama 60W, he nui rawa te pūngao—neke atu i te 95%—ka tahuri hāngai ki te wera (hihi pōkākā), he iti noa iho te hautanga, tata ki te 3%, e whakaputa ana i te mārama e kitea ana e tātau. He hipanga nui whakamua ngā CFL, ngā pūrama penapena pūngao rānei, e tutuki ana i te mahinga o te 50 ki te 60 lumens mō ia watt. Ka tahuri rātou mō te 20-25% o te hiko ki te mārama ari, koia rātou i pai ake ai te mātao i ngā kākano mō te huaputa mārama ōrite. Heoi anō, ko ngā LED te toa tōtika o nāianei. Ināianei ka tutuki auau ngā rama LED kounga tiketike i ngā mahinga o te 130 ki te 160 lumens mō ia watt, teitei ake rānei. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka tahuri rātou tata ki te 30% ki te 40% o te pūngao hiko ki te mārama ari. He whakapainga whakamīharo tēnei, engari ka waiho tonu tētahi wāhanga nui—60% ki te 70%—o te pūngao me haere ki tētahi wāhi, ā, ko te "wāhi" ko te nuinga o te wera.

He aha te take ka wera ai te LED 15-watt mēnā he tino māia?

Koinei te uho o te kupu taurangi. He mārama ake te pai ake o te LED 15-watt e whakaputa ana i te rama ōrite ki te 60-watt incandescent. Heoi anō, ko te kī ko te titiro ki te whakamōhiotanga wera parakore. Ko te pūrama kākano, e pau ana i te 60 watts, e whakaputa ana i te 57 watts o te wera parakore, engari ka whakawhitiwhitia tēnei wera ki runga i tētahi wāhi mata nui (te pūrama karaehe katoa) ā, ko te mea nui, ka whakaputaina hei pūwhitiwhiti pōkākā. Ka haere atu tēnei wera pōkākā i te pūrama, e whakamahana ana i te rūma, engari kāore i te tino wera te mata o te pūrama i tētahi wāhi kōaro, ahakoa he tino wera tonu. Ko te LED 15-watt, i tērā taha, he iti iho te wera parakore—tata ki te 10 watts (mai i te mea ka mārama te 5 watts). Ko te raruraru, ko tēnei 10 watts o te wera e hangaia ana i roto i tētahi maramara semiconductor iti, iti iho i te maikuku. Mā tēnei e waihanga i tētahi rerenga wera tino tiketike, i te pūngao wera rānei, i tētahi wāhi iti rawa. Ki te kore tēnei wera kaha e tere te tango atu i te maramara, ka piki te pāmahana o te tūtakinga LED i roto i ngā hēkona, ka tūkino wawe me te hinganga. Nō reira, ko te totohu wera e rongo ana koe i runga i te rama LED he kawenata ki tōna angitu ki te kukume i taua wera whakawhāiti i ngā hiko mārire me te whakakore atu ki te hau karapoti. Kei te mahi te totohu wera i tana mahi, ā, ko te tikanga kei te mahi te pūnaha whakahaere wera ki te pare i te LED.

He aha te pūtaiao i muri i te whakatipuranga wera LED?

Ehara te wera i hangaia e te LED i te hua o te whakanao mārama haumaru. I roto i te pūrama kākano, he wāhanga tau tōpu te wera (hihi pōkākā) o te tukanga whakatipuranga mārama; Ka wera te filament kia mura rā anō, ka puta mai he tūāwhiotanga whānui kei roto ko te mārama kitea me te nui o te pōkākā ariari. Ka mahi ngā LED i runga i tētahi mātāpono rerekē e kiia nei ko te electroluminescence. Ina puta te au hiko i roto i tētahi rauemi semiconductor (te diode), ka whakaongaonga i ngā irahiko. Ina hoki ēnei irahiko ki tō rātou āhua pūnoa, ka tukua e rātou te pūngao ki te āhua o ngā whakaahua—ngā korakora mārama. Ko te tae, te roangaru rānei o tēnei rama e whakatauria ana e ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi takawaenga. He pai ake tēnei tukanga ki te whakaputa i te mārama kitea. Heoi anō, ehara i te 100% māia. Ka tūtaki hoki te nekehanga irahiko i roto i te takawaenga ki te ātete, he tītohunga e mōhiotia ana ko te ātete hiko. Ko tēnei parenga, tae atu ki ētahi atu tukanga whakakotahitanga kāore i roto i te rauemi, ka tahuri i tētahi wāhanga o te pūngao hiko ki te wera (phonons, ngā wiriwiri kōpae rānei) i roto i te maramara LED. E kiia ana tēnei ko te whakamahana Joule. Nā reira, ahakoa he māia te tikanga whakaputa mārama, ko te ahupūngao tē taea te neke hiko mā tētahi rauemi e whakaputa wera ana i te pūtake.

He aha e kore ai e taea e ngā LED te whakaputa i te wera pēnei i ngā pūrama kākano?

He rerekētanga tino nui tēnei i waenganui i ngā hangarau tīramarama tawhito me ngā hangarau hōu. Ka mahi ngā pūrama kākano i ngā pāmahana tino tiketike (ka taea e te filament te tae atu ki te 2,500°C). I ēnei pāmahana, ka whakaputaina e rātou tētahi wāhanga nui o tō rātou pūngao hei hihi pōkākā, he momo mārama e rongo ana tātau he wera. He huarahi tino pai tēnei ki te whakawhiti pūngao atu i te pūtake me te kore hiahia ki tētahi pūkawe ōkiko. Ka whiti noa iho te wera i roto i te karaehe, ki te taiao. Heoi anō, kua hoahoatia ngā LED kia mahi i ngā pāmahana iti rawa, i te nuinga o te wā me te pāmahana tūtakinga mōrahi huri noa i te 85°C ki te 150°C. I ēnei pāmahana iti rawa, kaore rātau e whakaputa i te pūwhitiwhiti pōkākā nui. Kāore e taea e te wera i hangaia i roto i te maramara LED te mawhiti mā te whiti; me whakahaere atu mā te whakapā ā-tinana. Koinei te wāhi e uru mai ai te totohu wera. Ka whakatūria te maramara LED ki tētahi rauemi atanga wera, e āpiti ana ki tētahi papa ara iahiko tā uho konganuku (MCPCB), kātahi ka whakapiria ki tētahi totohu wera konganuku nui. I hoahoatia tēnei ara katoa hei kawe i te wera i te maramara mā ngā rauemi mārō. Kātahi ka whakamahia e te totohu wera tōna horahanga mata nui me ngā taraiwa hei whakawhiti i taua wera ki te hau mā te convection. Nā reira, kāore ngā LED e "rere wera" i runga i te āhua o te incandescents; he iti iho te wera katoa, engari he iti iho te wera o taua wera, ā, e hiahiatia ana he ara mātanga, pūkaha kia mawhiti, koia te take i tino mahana, he āhuatanga nui o tētahi rama LED hiko tiketike.

Ka aha mēnā ka wera rawa te LED?

Ko te wera te hoariri tuatahi o te mahinga LED me te roanga o te ora. Kāore i rite ki ngā pūrama kākahu, e tino hinga ana, ka whakahekea ngā LED, engari ka whakatere te wera i tēnei whakahekenga. Ko te pānga tino wawe o te wera nui rawa ko te whakaiti i te huaputa mārama, he tītohunga e mōhiotia ana ko te whakahekenga lumen. I te pikinga o te pāmahana o te tūtakinga LED, ka taka tōna tōtika quantum ā-roto, ko te tikanga he iti ake ngā whakaahua mō te nui o te hiko ōrite. Koinei te take ka kite pea koe i te rama LED e hina ana i a ia e mahana ana. Ko te mea nui ake, ko te pāmahana tiketike e pā ana ki te tūkino pūmau. Ka taea e te wera te whakaiti i te koti phosphor e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā LED mā hei tahuri i te rama kikorangi ki tētahi tūāwhiotanga katoa, nā reira ka neke te pāmahana tae i te roanga o te wā. Ka pakaru pea te rauemi semiconductor anō, ā, ka nui ake te ātete me te whakatipuranga wera anō i roto i tētahi huringa whakangaro. Ka ngoikore pea ngā here e pupuri ana i te maramara LED ki tōna papanga, ā, ka rahunga ā-tinana. I te mutunga, ka taea e te whakahaere wera kino te whakaiti i te roanga o te ora o tētahi LED mai i tōna kaha 50,000+ hāora ki raro ki ētahi mano haora noa iho, e whakakore ana i tōna painga matua. Koinei te take i nui ai te haumi a ngā kaiwhakanao ki te hoahoa wera, me te whakarite kia tika te rahi o te totohu wera, ā, he ara mārama, ātete iti kia rere atu ai te wera i te maramara tairongo.

Me pēhea te whakahaere me te whakakore i te wera i roto i ngā pūnaha LED

Ehara te whakahaere wera tōtika i te whakaaro i roto i te hoahoa LED; He wāhanga tino nui tēnei o te tukanga pūkaha. He huarahi wāhanga maha hei neke i te wera mai i te komititanga ki te hau taiao. Ko te hipanga tuatahi ko te kawenga. Ka whakapiria, ka honoa rānei te maramara LED ki tētahi papanga, i te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahi i tētahi "rauemi atanga wera" hei whakakī i ngā āputa hau moroiti e ārai ana i te wera. Ko te tikanga ko tēnei papanga he Metal Core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB), he apa angiangi o ngā rauemi dielectric i runga i tētahi pūtake konumohe, kapa rānei, e tere ai te hora o te wera. Mai i te MCPCB, ka neke te wera ki roto i te totohu wera. Ko te totohu wera te wāhanga tino kitea o te pūnaha whakahaere wera. He tino nui tōna hoahoa. I te nuinga o te wā he mea hanga ki te konumohe, he māmā, he pai hoki te kawe wera, ā, he maha ngā tara, pine rānei. Ka tino whakanuia e ēnei taraiwa te horahanga mata e whakapā ana ki te hau. Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga ko te convection, e whakawhiti ai te wera mai i ngā taratara ki te hau nekeneke. I roto i te maha o ngā totohu wera ngoikore, e whakawhirinaki ana tēnei ki te rere o te hau māori, e piki ai te hau wera, ā, ka whakakapia e te hau mātao ake. Mō ngā LED hiko tino tiketike, pērā i ērā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā rama waipuke taiwhanga, kāore i te nui te whakamātaotanga ngoikore, nā reira ka whakamahia te whakamātao hohe me ngā kaihautū hei whakahau i te hau ki runga i ngā tara, e tino whakanui ana i te whakawhitinga wera convective. Ko ētahi pūnaha arā atu anō e whakamahi ana i ngā paipa wera, i te whakamātao wai rānei kia pai ake ai te neke i te wera.

He aha te tūranga o te totohu wera i roto i te mahinga LED?

Ko te totohu wera te wae tino nui o te rama LED i muri i te maramara LED. Ko tana mahi he whakarato i te rōrahi nui o ngā rauemi hei ngongo i te mokowhiti wera me tētahi wāhi mata nui hei whakakore. Ko te rahi, te rauemi, me te āhuahanga o te totohu wera e whakatau hāngai ana i te kaha o te rama ki te pupuri i tētahi pāmahana mahi haumaru. He māmā ake pea te hanga i te totohu wera iti, māmā hoki, engari ka tere te waiwai i te wera, ka nui te pāmahana o te tūtakinga LED, te whakaiti i te huaputa mārama, me te poto o te roanga o te ora. Ko te totohu wera i hoahoatia paitia, ahakoa ka tāpiri ki te utu me te taumaha o te maunga, ka taea e te LED te mahi i tōna tōtika i hoahoatia, ā, ka mutu mō tōna oranga whakatauranga. Me hoahoa hoki ngā taratara o te totohu wera kia āhei ai te rere o te hau, kia kaua e whakatata rawa, ā, me whakaae te taiao tāuta o te rama ki te hauora. Mā te taupoki i tētahi rama LED, mā te tāuta rānei ki tētahi maunga kōpani, kāore i te haurangi, ka matekai pea te totohu wera o te hau mātao, ka wera rawa te LED. Nō reira, ina kōwhiri i tētahi hua LED, ko te kounga me te rahi o tōna totohu wera he tohu hāngai o te whāinga a te kaiwhakanao ki te mahinga me te roanga o te ora. Ko te totohu wera wera he tohu kei te pai te kukume i te wera i te maramara; Ko te tikanga pea o te totohu wera mātao ka mau te wera ki roto, he tohutohu mō te hinganga wawe.

Te wera me te tōtika puta noa i ngā hangarau tīramarama

Hei kite i ngā rerekētanga o te whakatipuranga wera me te tōtika, ka whakataurite te ripanga e whai ake nei i tētahi 60W incandescent, 15W CFL, me te 12W LED, e whakaputa ana i te nui o te mārama (tata ki te 800 lumens).

E mārama ana te whakaatu o tēnei whakatauritenga, ahakoa he iti rawa te wera o ngā LED, ko te tikanga o te whakakore wera (kawenga mā te totohu wera) te mea e mahana ai rātou ki te pā, he tohu o te pūkaha wera tōtika.

He aha te wā heke mai mō te tōtika LED me te wera?

Kei te tawhiti rawa atu te haerenga o te hangarau LED. Kei te mahi tonu ngā kairangahau me ngā kaipūkaha ki te whakapai ake i te tōtika taketake o ngā LED, e pana ana i ngā rohenga o ngā mea e taea ana. I tēnei wā, ahakoa ko ngā LED tino pai rawa atu e tahuri ana mō te 30-40% o te pūngao hiko ki te mārama ari. Ka ngaro te toenga hei wera. Tērā tētahi pana pūtaiao nui kia mārama me te whakakore i ngā tukanga whakakotahitanga kāore i roto i te takawaenga e pā ana ki ēnei hinganga. Ko ngā nekehanga i roto i te pūtaiao rauemi, pēnei i te whakamahinga o te gallium nitride i runga i ngā papanga takawai me ngā hangarau ira quantum pukapuka, e kī taurangi ana ki te whakanui ake i te tōtika quantum ā-roto o ngā LED. He teitei ake te mōrahi ariā mō tētahi LED mā, tērā pea ka nui ake i te 50%, i te 60% rānei te tōtika. I te pai ake o tēnei tōtika, ka iti iho te pūngao ka tahuri ki te wera mō te nui o te mārama. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka hiahiatia e ngā LED ā muri ake he iti ake, he iti iho te nui o ngā totohu wera hei whakahaere i te kawenga wera iti iho. Kei te kite kē mātou i tēnei ia me te whanaketanga o ngā LED maramara-i-papa (COB) me ngā atekōkiri pai ake. Ko te whāinga whakamutunga he pūtake mārama e tahuri ana i te nuinga o tōna pūngao ki te mārama e kitea ana e tātau, ā, he iti noa iho te hua o te wera. Tae noa ki taua rā, ko te mārama me te whakanui i ngā hiahia whakahaere wera o te hangarau LED o nāianei te kī ki te hākinakina i tō rātou oranga roa me ngā painga penapena pūngao.

Ngā pātai auau mō te wera LED

He mea noa iho kia wera te pūrama LED ki te pā?

Āe, he tino pūnoa mō te pūtake, te totohu wera rānei o te pūrama LED kia mahana, kia wera rānei. E tohu ana tēnei kei te pai te kukume wera o te wera i te maramara LED. Heoi anō, kaua e wera rawa kia mamae ai ina pā poto. Mēnā he wera rawa, tērā pea kei roto i tētahi maunga rāhui, kāore i te pai te hauora, kei te hē rānei te pūrama.

Ka taea e te pūrama LED te ahi i te ahi?

Ahakoa he iti iho te pāmahana o ngā pūrama LED i ngā pūrama kākahu, ka mōrearea tonu te ahi mēnā he iti te kounga, he atekōkiri hē, ka whakamahia rānei ki tētahi huarahi e ārai ana i te wera. Hei tauira, mā te taupoki i tētahi pūrama LED ki te ārai, mā te whakamahi rānei i roto i tētahi taputapu kāore i te whakatauria, ka wera rawa. Whāia ngā tohutohu a te kaiwhakanao i ngā wā katoa me te kimi i ngā hua kua whakamanatia.

Me pēhea e taea ai e au te whakaroa ake i aku rama LED?

Ko te huarahi pai rawa atu ki te whakaroa i te oranga o ō rama LED ko te whakahaere i tō rātou wera. Me mātua whakarite kua tāutatia ki ngā taputapu e āhei ai te rere hau tika huri noa i te totohu wera. Kaua e rāhuitia ki ngā wāhi iti, kāore i te hāora ki te kore e whakatauria mō taua take. Ko te kōwhiri i ngā LED kounga tiketike mai i ngā kaiwhakanao rongonui, he pai ake te hoahoa wera, he kī hoki ki te roanga o te ora.