Te wero huna i roto i ngā pūnaha hiko o nāianei

I roto i tētahi ao tino pai, ko te hiko e rere ana i roto i ā mātou mātiti hiko he ngaru aho tino tika, mā hoki—he kōpiupiu māeneene o te ngaohiko me te onāianei. Heoi anō, ko te pono o ngā pūnaha hiko o nāianei, kī tonu i ngā pūrere hiko, he tawhiti atu i tēnei tino pai. I ia wā ka mono mai koe i tētahi pūrere me tētahi puna hiko aratau whakakā—mai i tō pūwhakahiko rorohiko pona ki tētahi pūrama LED—ka whakahawea māheahea, engari ka taea te ine i tēnei puka ngaru tino tika. Ka inetia tēnei whakahaweatanga e tētahi tawhā takenui e mōhiotia ana ko te Total Harmonic Distortion, te THD rānei. Ahakoa he ariā hangarau tino hangarau kua rāhuitia mō ngā kaipūkaha hiko, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā taketake o THD mō ngā tāngata katoa e pā ana ki te whakapūtā, te tāuta, te whakahaere rānei i ngā pūnaha rama tauine nui. Ka taea e ngā taumata tiketike o te whakahaweatanga hākori, te wera rawa o ngā panoni, ngā kaiwhati ara iahiko, ngā taputapu hē, me te kaha o te pūngao nui. Mō ngā umanga me ngā rohe e haumi ana i te tīramarama LED mō tōna kaha penapena pūngao, mā te waiho i te THD e tukituki i ngā penapena e tūmanako ana rātou ki te whakatutuki. Mā tēnei aratohu e whakamārama he aha tērā, he pēhea te ine, he aha i hangaia ai e ngā atekōkiri LED, he aha hoki e kore ai e taea te whakarite kia iti mō tētahi tāutanga hiko haumaru, māia hoki.

He aha te Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)? He Whakamāramatanga Ngāwari

Ko te Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) he inenga e ine ana i te nui o te whakahaweatanga i roto i tētahi tohu, i roto i te horopaki o ngā pūnaha hiko, te whakahaweatanga o te ngaru o nāianei, ngaohiko rānei mai i tōna hanga ngaru aho tino pai. Kia mārama ai ki tēnei, me mātua mārama tātau ki te ariā o ngā hākori. Ko te auautanga taketake o tētahi pūnaha hiko ko tōna auautanga mahi taketake—50 Hz i ngā wāhi maha o te ao (tae atu ki Uropi, Āhia, me Ahitereiria) 60 Hz rānei i Amerika ki te Raki. Ko ngā hākoritanga he ngaohiko, he au rānei i ngā auautanga he tau tōpū o tēnei auautanga taketake. Mō tētahi pūnaha 50 Hz, ko te hākoritanga 3 ko te 150 Hz, ko te 5 ko te 250 Hz, ko te 7 ko te 350 Hz, me ērā atu mea. Ko te THD te tapeke o te hiko (te nui rānei) o ēnei wae hākori, i whakaritea ki te kaha o te auau taketake. Ko te tikanga he mehua o te nui o te "turituri", te pūngao auau tē hiahiatia rānei kua tāpiritia ki te tohu taketake mā. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakapuakina hei ōwehenga i waenga i te 0 me te 1, hei ōrautanga rānei mai i te 0% ki te 100%. Ko te THD o te 0% (0 rānei) e tohu ana i tētahi ngaru aho tino tika, kāore i te whakahawea. Ko te tikanga o te THD o te 100% (1 rānei) he ōrite te hiko katoa i roto i ngā hākoritanga ki te hiko i roto i te taketake, e tohu ana i tētahi āhua ngaru tino whakahawea. I roto i ngā tikanga ā-ringa, ko te iti iho o te uara THD, ko te māmā ake, ko te pai ake hoki o te hiko.

He pēhea te tātai me te whakamārama i te THD?

Ko te tatauranga o te THD ko te tātari tohu mātanga, engari he ngāwari noa iho te kaupapa. Ka inea e te kaitātari kounga hiko te tohu hiko, ā, ka mahi i tētahi mahi pāngarau e kiia nei ko te Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Mā tēnei e wetewete te puka ngaru matatini, whakahawea ki ōna wae auau takitahi. Ka tautohu i te nui o te auautanga taketake (hei tauira, 50 Hz) me ngā nui o ngā auau hākoritanga katoa (hei tauira, 100 Hz, 150 Hz, 200 Hz, ērā atu mea). Kātahi ka tātaitia te THD mā te tango i te pūtake tapawhā o te tapeke o ngā tapawhā o ngā rahinga hākori, ka wehea ki te nui o te taketake. Kātahi ka whakareatia te hua ki te 100 kia whiwhi ōrau. Ko te whakamārama i tēnei uara he kī ki te aromatawai i te kounga hiko. Ko te tikanga o te uara THD e tata ana ki te 0% ko te huaputa, ko te ngaohiko rānei he ngaru aho tino mā, me ngā wae auau e tata ana ki te tāuru. He tino pai tēnei. Ko te tikanga o te uara e tata ana ki te 100% he nui tonu te whakahaweatanga hākori; Kua tāhaetia te tohu ki ngā taumata tiketike o ētahi atu auautanga. Hei tauira, ko te tikanga o te THD o te 15% ko te pūngao katoa kei roto i ngā auau hākori, ko te 15% o te pūngao kei roto i te taketake. I te nuinga o te wā ka tautuhia tēnei taumata whakahaweatanga hei tepenga mōrahi e whakaaetia ana mō ia taputapu, nā te mea ka tīmata ngā taumata teitei ake ki te raruraru i roto i te whatunga hiko whānui ake.

He aha ngā atekōkiri LED e whakaputa ai i te whakahaweatanga hākori?

Ko te pūtake matua o te whakahaweatanga hākoritanga i roto i ngā pūnaha tīramarama o nāianei ko te atekōkiri LED. Ko te atekōkiri LED he puna hiko hiko e tahuri ana i te hiko matua AC taumai (alternating current) ki te hiko DC ngaohiko iti e hiahiatia ana e ngā kōwae LED. Ko te nuinga o ēnei atekōkiri he kawenga paerangi-kore. Kāore i te rite ki te pūrama rama māmā, arā, he kawenga paerangi ātete e tā ana i tētahi au māeneene, sinusoidal, kāore te atekōkiri LED e tā tonu i tēnei wā puta noa i te huringa AC. I roto, ko te wāhanga tuatahi o tētahi atekōkiri LED pūnoa he whakatikatika, tata tonu ki te piriti diode. Ka tahuri tēnei ara iahiko i te puka ngaru AC hei DC mokowhiti. Ko ngā diode i tēnei piriti anake e whakahaere ana i te au ina nui ake te ngaohiko i tētahi paepae, e tata ana ki ngā tihi o te ngaru aho AC. Mā tēnei ka tātuhi te atekōkiri i tēnei wā i roto i ngā mokowhiti poto, nui rawa, kaua ko te ngaru māeneene, motukore hoki. He taonga tēnei au mokowhiti i ngā auau hākori. Ko te hohenga whakawhiti o ngā diodes, me te whakawhiti auau-tiketike o te ara iahiko tahuri hiko ā-roto o te atekōkiri, ka tapahi pai i te puka ngaru o nāianei, ka werohia ēnei au hākoritanga ki roto i te puna hiko matua. Ko te nui ake o te kawenga kāore i te paerangi, ā, ko te kino ake o te hoahoa o tōna putanga hiko, ko te nui ake o te whakahawea o te puka ngaru o nāianei, ā, ko te teitei ake o tōna THD.

He aha te mea ka tupu i roto i tētahi atekōkiri LED hei waihanga hākori?

Hei kite i tēnei, whakaarohia te ngaohiko matua AC hei maunga takahuri mārire. Mā te kawenga paerangi pēnei i te whakamahana e āta tā i te au ki runga, ki raro hoki i taua maunga. Heoi anō, ko te atekōkiri LED kāore i te paerangi, he rite ki te kaihīkoi e tere anake, he taumaha noa iho i te tihi o te maunga. Ka whakahaere anake te whakatikatika arawhiti diode ina teitei ake te ngaohiko AC i te ngaohiko e penapena ana ki ngā pūkaha tāuru o te atekōkiri. Ka puta tēnei mō tētahi roanga poto rawa i ngā taumata tōrunga me ngā tōraro o te ngaru aho. Ko te hua he puka ngaru o nāianei, he whāiti, he mokowhiti kōpikopiko, kaua ko te ānau māeneene, whānui hoki. Ko ēnei mokowhiti koi, motukore, i roto i te rohe auau, he nui rawa ngā hākori. Tērā pea he kaha te wae taketake 50 Hz, engari ka nui hoki te pūngao i te 150 Hz (hākoritanga 3), 250 Hz (hākoritanga 5), 350 Hz (hākoritanga 7), me ērā atu mea. Ka rere whakamuri ēnei au hākoritanga mai i te atekōkiri ki roto i te waea o te whare, ki waho ki te panoni taputapu. Kāore rātou e āwhina ki te mahi whaitake; engari, e tohu ana rātou i te pūngao moumou e huri noa ana i te pūnaha hiko, e waihanga ana i te wera me te whakararuraru.

He aha te take i tino hira ai te whakahaweatanga hākoritanga katoa i roto i ngā tāutanga tīrama?

Ko te hiranga o te THD i takea mai i ngā pānga tāpiripiri me ngā pānga tūkino o ngā au hākoritanga ki tētahi tāutanga hiko katoa. He iti noa iho pea te pānga o te atekōkiri LED kotahi me te THD tiketike. Heoi anō, i roto i tētahi whare hou, he rau, he mano rānei ēnei atekōkiri—i roto i ngā rama LED, rorohiko, kaupane, me ētahi atu pūrere maha. Ko ngā au hākoritanga mai i ēnei kawenga paerangi-kore katoa e tāpiri ana ki ngā pūkawe kūpapa me ngā panoni tuari. Mā tēnei whakatōpū e ahu atu ki te hūkere o ngā hua tōraro. Ko te mea tino wawe ko te wera. Ko ngā au hākori, otirā ko te hākoritanga 3 me ōna taumaha (e kīia nei ko ngā hākoritanga "triplen"), kāore e whakakore i roto i te waea kūpapa pērā i ngā au taketake. Engari, ka tāpiritia kētia, nā reira ka kawea e te pūkawe kūpapa te nui o nāianei ahakoa he tino whārite ngā wāhanga. Ka pā pea tēnei ki ngā kūpapa wera, he mōrearea ahi nui. I hoahoatia hoki ngā panoni hei whakahaere hiko i te auautanga taketake; Mā ngā au hākori, ka nui ake ngā ngaronga o nāianei me ngā ngaronga hysteresis i roto i ō rātou uho autō, e ahu ana ki te whakamahana, te whakaiti i te tōtika, me te poto o te roanga o te ora. Ka pāngia hoki ngā kaiwhati ara iahiko me ngā waka rererangi, nā te mea kāore pea e tika te haere ina mau i ngā au kāore i te sinusoidal, e whakararuraru ana i te haumarutanga.

He pēhea te pānga o te THD tiketike ki te tōtika o te pūnaha hiko me ētahi atu pūrere?

I tua atu i ngā mōrearea ōkiko o te wera, ka tino whakahekea e te THD tiketike te tōtika katoa o tētahi pūnaha hiko. Ko ngā au hākoritanga e tohu ana i te pūngao moumou—kāore he mahi whaitake, engari kei te hangaia tonutia, ka tukua, ka ngaro hei wera i roto i ngā panoni, ngā taura, me ētahi atu taputapu. Mā tēnei e whakanui ake te katoa o nāianei i tāia mai i te taputapu, e ahu ana ki ngā pire hiko teitei ake, otirā mō ngā kiritaki arumoni, ahumahi hoki ka utua pea he whiu mō te whakarea hiko iti, e hono tata ana ki te whakahaweatanga hākori. Ka whakararuraru hoki te whakahaweatanga i te mahi tika o ētahi atu pūrere hiko tairongo e tūhono ana ki te whatunga hiko kotahi. Mā te whakahaweatanga ngaohiko, nā ngā au hākoritanga e rere ana i roto i te impedance pūnaha, ka neke, ka turituri rānei ngā pūwāhi whakawhiti kore o te ngaru aho ngaohiko. He maha ngā pūrere hiko e whakamahi ana i ēnei pūwāhi whakawhiti kore mō te wā me te mana. Ka hē pea te ngaohiko whakahawea, ka puta he whanonga hē i roto i ngā rorohiko, ngā taputapu rongoā, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere mahi. Ko te tikanga, mā te THD tiketike ka "turituri" me te kore pono te taiao hiko katoa, ka pā ki ngā mea katoa mai i ngā rama ki ngā taputapu kua monokia ki te pakitara pātata.

He aha te taumata THD pai mō ngā atekōkiri LED me ngā rama?

Nā ngā raruraru i takea mai i te THD tiketike, kua puta mai ngā paerewa umanga me ngā mahi tino pai hei tautuhi i ngā tepe e whakaaetia ana. Mō ngā taputapu tīramarama hōu, he mea noa iho ināianei mō ngā whakaritenga hiko i roto i ngā tāutanga arumoni, ahumahi hōu, kia iti iho i te 20% te mōrahi o te whakahaweatanga Harmonic Tapeke o tētahi rama LED, atekōkiri rānei, ā, i te nuinga o te wā ka tautuhia he ūnga pākaha ake o te iti iho i te 15%, i te 10% rānei. Ko te THD iti iho i te 15% e whakaarotia ana he pai, e tohu ana kei roto i te hoahoa a te atekōkiri te tātari harmonic tōtika. He tino pai te THD i raro iho i te 10%. Ko te tikanga o tēnei kei te tātuhi te atekōkiri i tētahi au māmā ake, nui ake te sinusoidal, e whakaiti ana i tōna pānga ki te mātiti hiko. Ina whakamahere i tētahi whakahou LED tauine nui, kaupapa hanganga hōu rānei, he mea nui kia whakapūtā i ngā rama me te THD iti. Ahakoa he iti ake pea te utu o mua i ngā whiringa tino māmā, THD tiketike, he nui ngā painga mo te wā roa. Ka whakarite rātou kia pai te mahi o te pūnaha hiko katoa, kia haumaru, kia tika hoki, e ārai ana i te utu nui o te pōrearea, te wera o te panoni, me ngā take kounga hiko ka pā pea ki te katoa o te pūkenga. Ko te haumi i ngā atekōkiri LED iti-THD he pūtea penapena ki te hauora me te roanga o tō hanganga hiko katoa.

Ngā Aronga Matua o te Whakahaweatanga Hākoritanga Katoa (THD)

Ko te ripanga e whai ake nei e whakarāpopoto ana i ngā ariā uho e pā ana ki te THD i roto i te horopaki o te tīramarama LED.

I te mutunga, ko te Total Harmonic Distortion he aronga nui, engari i te nuinga o te wā e whakarapa ana i te kounga tīrama. He mehua tēnei o te "turituri hiko" i werohia ki roto i tētahi pūnaha hiko e ngā pūrere paerangi-kore pēnei i ngā atekōkiri LED. Ahakoa e kore e taea te karo i te nui o te THD ki ngā hiko o nāianei, ka whakararuraru ngā taumata tiketike ki te tōtika, te haumaru, me te roanga o ngā taputapu. Mō ngā tāngata katoa e whakapūtā ana, e tāuta ana rānei i ngā rama LED, ko te whakarite i ngā rama me ngā atekōkiri me te THD iti—i te nuinga o te wā he iti iho i te 15%—he mea nui mō te whakarite i tētahi tāutanga hiko pono, māia, haumaru hoki e tuku ana i te kī taurangi katoa o te hangarau LED.

Ngā pātai auau mō te whakahaweatanga hākoritanga katoa

He aha te taumata THD haumaru, pai rānei mō tētahi rama LED?

Mō te nuinga o ngā whakaritenga rama arumoni, ahumahi hoki, ka whakaaetia te Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) iti iho i te 20%, ā, ko te THD iti iho i te 15% e manakohia ana, ā, e tohu ana i tētahi atekōkiri tino kounga. Ko ētahi hua mārō ka eke ki te THD i raro iho i te 10%. Ko te iti iho o te THD, ko te iti ake o te hau ki tō pūnaha hiko, ā, ko te pai ake o te kounga hiko katoa.

Ka taea e te THD tiketike te tūkino i ētahi atu taputapu i taku whare?

Āe, hāngai. Ko te THD tiketike, otirā mai i te nui o ngā kawenga paerangi-kore, ka nui pea te whakahaweatanga ngaohiko. Ka taea e tēnei puka ngaru ngaohiko whakahawea te whakararuraru i te wā me te mahinga o ētahi atu taputapu hiko tairongo, pēnei i ngā rorohiko, ngā pūrere rongoā, me ngā pūmana arorau papatono (PLCs). Heoi anō, ko te tūkinotanga tuatahi i te wera o ngā panoni, ngā waea kūpapa, me ngā mīhini.

Me pēhea e taea ai e au te whakaiti i te THD i roto i taku tāutanga rama?

Ko te huarahi tino pai ki te whakaiti i te THD kei te pūtake: kōwhiria ngā atekōkiri LED me ngā rama i hoahoatia mō te whakahaweatanga hākori. Kimihia ngā hua me te whakapūtātanga THD iti iho i te 15%. I roto i ngā tāutanga tīariari, tērā pea ka taea te tāuta i ngā tātari hākori, engari he matatini, he utu nui tēnei ki te tīpako noa i ngā hua iti-THD mai i te tīmatanga.