Understanding the Shift in Urban Road Lighting Technology

Ko te mura amipere e mōhiotia ana kua whakamāramatia ngā tiriti o te taone mō ngā tekau tau, ka āta whakakapia e tētahi rama mā, mā hoki. Ko tēnei huringa e tohu ana i tētahi o ngā whakamohoatanga hanganga tino nui i roto i te hītori taone o nāianei, e whakahaeretia ana e te whakahau ā-ao mō te tiaki pūngao me te whakaiti i te kohukohu. I te whakawhānuitanga o ngā ohanga me te pupuhi o te iwi whānui taone, kua tino pēhi te hiahia pūngao ki ngā rauemi me te taiao. Ko te rama tiriti, ko te utu hiko nui rawa atu o te taone—e kaute ana tae atu ki te 40% o te pire hiko o te taone—kua noho hei ūnga matua mō ngā whakapai ake i te tōtika. Ehara i te mea rerehua noa iho te kōwhiringa o te hangarau rama i runga i o tātau huarahi; He pānga hōhonu tōna ki te haumarutanga tūmatanui, te pānga taiao, me ngā tahua pūwhenua. Mō ngā tekau tau, ko ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike (HPS) te hoiho mahi o te whakamāramatanga huarahi, e uara ana mō tō rātou roa i whakaritea ki ngā hangarau tōmua me tō rātou kaha ki te uru ki te kohu. Heoi anō, kua whakaaturia e te taenga mai o te hangarau Light Emitting Diode (LED) tētahi whiringa māia e nui ake ana i te HPS i ngā huarahi katoa e taea te ine. Ko tēnei tātaritanga whānui e hāngai ana ki ngā tawhā hangarau, ngā tūturu mahi, me ngā painga mo te wā roa o ngā hangarau e rua, e whakaatu ana he aha ngā rama tiriti LED i noho ai hei kōwhiringa tūturu mō ngā tāone hou, pūmau hoki e whai ana ki te whakatutuki i ā rātou whāinga tiaki pūngao me te whakaiti i te kohukohu.

He aha ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike (HPS), ā, he aha i tino paingia ai?

Ko ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike nō te whānau o ngā pūtake rama kaha tiketike (HID), he hangarau kua whakanuia te tīramarama o waho mō te hawhe rau tau. E ai ki tā rātou mahi i runga anō i te whakawhiti i tētahi pewa hiko mā roto i tētahi ngongo pewa uku e pupuri ana i te ranunga o te konupū, te konutai, me te korohū xenon. Ina tuki te pewa, ka whakaongaonga te kohu konutai me te whakaputa i te mārama, e whakaahuatia ana e tōna mura kōwhai amipere-kōwhai motuhake. He maha ngā take māia i rongonui ai ngā rama HPS. I tukuna e rātau he pekenga nui i runga i o rātau tuatahi, ko ngā rama kohu konupū, i te nuinga o te wā e whakaputa ana i te 80 ki te 140 lumens mō ia watt, nāna rātou i tino pai ai te kōwhiringa mō tō rātou wā. Ko to rātau painga ā-ringa tino rongonui ko ta rātau mahinga i te rangi kino. Ko te roangaru kōwhai-karaka kaha, e whakawaengatia ana i te 589 nanometers, he iti iho te mararatanga e ngā korakora wai i roto i te kohu, te marangai, me te hukarere. Nā tēnei āhuatanga i tino pai ai te rongo o ngā rama HPS mō te whakarato i tētahi taumata kitenga tauanga ina heke ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Tērā anō, ko to rātau roanga o te ora, tae atu ki te 24,000 haora, he tino pai ake i runga i ngā whiringa kākano me ngā whiringa kōauau, e whakaiti ana i te auautanga o ngā huringa rama utu nui i runga i ngā maero o te huarahi. I whakakotahitia ēnei take kia noho ai te HPS hei kōwhiringa taunoa, ā, i te nuinga o te wā anake, mō ngā kaipūkaha rama pūwhenua mō ngā tekau tau.

He aha ngā hē matua o ngā rama HPS i roto i te tīramarama huarahi?

Ahakoa tō rātou mana hītori, ka pāngia e ngā rama HPS ētahi hēnga hangarau, mahi hoki e kore ai e tika mō ngā paerewa tīramarama o nāianei. Ko te take nui tuatahi ko te iti o te whakamāramatanga, te ōritetanga me te mana. Ko ngā rama HPS he pūtake mārama omnidirectional, ko te tikanga ka whakaputa mārama ki ngā ahunga katoa, pēnei i te mura kānara. Hei whakahaere i tēnei rama ki te huarahi, me whakawhirinaki ngā rama ki ngā whakaata nui, kōpiko. He haurangi noa iho tēnei pūnaha ōmata. Ko tētahi wāhanga nui o te rama e mau ana i roto i te maunga, ka ngongo rānei e te whakaata i mua i te taenga atu ki te tiriti. I te nuinga o te wā he raruraru te tauira kurupae hua, he tino tiketike te mārama i raro tonu i te rama—i ētahi wā he nui ake i te 40 lux i runga i ngā huarahi tuarua—arā, he moumou te whakamāramatanga nui. I tua atu, i te waenganui i waenganui i ngā pou pātata e rua, ka taea e te mārama te heke ki te iti iho i te 40% o taua uara tihi, e waihanga ana i ngā rohe pōuri mōrearea e whakararuraru ana i te haumarutanga o te atekōkiri me te hunga waewae. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ōritetanga rawakore ka moumou te pūngao i ngā wāhi kanapa rawa, ā, kāore e tika te whakamārama i ētahi atu. Tērā, ko te tōtika katoa o tētahi rama HPS e tino whakararurarutia ana e tēnei hoahoa. Ko te tōtika o te kaituku e tata ana ki te 50-60% anake, ko te tikanga e tata ana ki te 30-40% o te rama i hangaia kua ngaro i roto i te maunga, he moumou taketake, e kore e taea te karo i te hangarau. Kātahi anō, ahakoa he roanga ariā ngā rama HPS tae atu ki te 24,000 haora, he poto ake te roanga o te ora. He tino tairongo rātou ki ngā tārere ngaohiko mātiti me te taiao mahi pākaha o tētahi pou tiriti, arā ko ngā wiriwiri auau i ngā waka, ngā tārere pāmahana tino nui, me te haumākū. Ko te hua, ka nui ake te auau rahunga ā-tau mō ngā tāutanga HPS i te 60%, e ahu ana ki ngā waea tautiakitanga auau, utu nui hoki e whakakino ana i ngā penapena pūngao e mōhiotia ana.

He aha ngā rama tiriti LED me te pēhea e whakatau ai i ēnei take?

Ka whakamahia e ngā rama tiriti LED ngā diode whakaputa mārama, he pūrere semiconductor mārō, hei pūtake whakamāramatanga. Kāore i te rite ki te HPS, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā korohū whakamahana i roto i te ngongo, ka puta mai ngā LED i te mārama mā tētahi tukanga e kiia nei ko te electroluminescence, e nekehia ai ngā irahiko i roto i tētahi rauemi takawaenga e tuku ana i te pūngao ki te āhua o ngā whakaahua. Ko tēnei rerekētanga taketake o te ahupūngao e whakamāoritia hāngai ana ki te tini o ngā painga ā-ringa e whakatika ā-pūnaha ana i ngā raruraru e hāngai ana ki te hangarau HPS. Ko te mea tino nui o ēnei ko te roanga o te ora. Ka whakatauria tētahi rama tiriti LED kounga tiketike mō te oranga tōtika o te 50,000 ki te 100,000 hāora, neke atu rānei—he tino roa ake i te oranga ariā o tētahi rama HPS. Ko tēnei roanga e whakatau hāngai ana i ngā utu tiaki tiketike me ngā mokatere rahunga e pā ana ki te HPS, e āhei ai ngā tāone ki te tāuta i ngā hanganga rama ka taea te whakawhirinaki mō ngā tau, tekau tau rānei me te kore raweke. Heoi anō, he tino rerekē, he tino pai hoki te kounga o te rama i hangaia e ngā LED. Mā te taupū tāhuahua tae (CRI) e ngāwari ana te tae ki te 70, 80 rānei, ā, i te nuinga o te wā he teitei ake, he tūāwhiorangi whānui te rama LED, ā, ka tāwhai tata i te awatea māori. I raro i te whakamāramatanga LED, he kātoretore ngā tae, he pono ki te ora, e panoni ana i te taiao arokite o te pō. Ehara tēnei i te whakapainga rerehua noa iho; He pānga haumaru hōhonu tōna. Ko te kaha o te whatu tangata ki te kite i te taumira, ki te tautohu i ngā ahanoa, me te urupare ki ngā mōrearea e herea ana ki te kounga o te mārama. Mā te CRI teitei ake o ngā LED e āhei ai ngā atekōkiri me ngā kaiwaewae kia mārama ake te kite, te wehe i ngā taipitopito, me te urupare tere ake, te whakarei ake i te haumarutanga huarahi katoa i tētahi huarahi kāore e taea e te rama monochromatic o HPS te ōrite.

Me pēhea e whakarato ai ngā rama tiriti LED i te kounga me te mana mārama tiketike?

Ko ngā painga o ngā LED e toro atu ana i tua atu i te roanga o te ora me te tāhuahua tae ki te uho o te whakahaeretanga me te whakahaere i te mārama ki te huarahi. Ko te āhuatanga tino panoni ko tō rātou āhua aronga. Kāore i rite ki ngā rama HPS e rehu ana i te mārama ki ia ahunga, he aronga tūturu ngā LED, i te nuinga o te wā e whakaputa ana i te mārama i roto i te tauira 180 waeine mai i tō rātou mata papatahi. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka hāngai māori te rama ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana—ki raro ki te tiriti—kaua ki roto i te maunga, ki runga rānei ki te rangi pō. Mā tēnei āhuatanga aronga, me ngā whakaata tuarua i hangaia tōtika pēnei i ngā arotahi, ka taea te mana tōtika ki te tuari mārama. Ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa rama te waihanga i ngā tauira kurupae motuhake e ōrite ana ki te āhuahanga o tētahi huarahi, me te whakarite kia purua tika te mārama ki runga i te papa kohatu, ā, kāore e moumou ki ngā mata whare, tuarā, ki te āwhina rānei ki te pokenga mārama. Mā tēnei e whakakore te raruraru o te whakamāramatanga nui i raro i te pou me te whakamāramatanga i raro i ngā pou, e waihanga ana i tētahi taiao tīramarama ōrite ake, haumaru ake hoki. Ka taea te whakarite i te ānau tuari mārama o tētahi rama tiriti LED kia eke ai ki ngā taumata mārama ōrite puta noa i te huarahi katoa, e whakamōrahi ana i te kitenga me te tōtika mō ia watt kua pau. Heoi anō, nā te mea he tino tika te whakahaere o te mārama, he tino pai ake te tōtika o te rama. Ehara i te ngaro i te 30-40% o te mārama i roto i te maunga, ka tutuki i ngā rama tiriti LED ngā māiatanga o te 90% neke atu rānei, ko te tikanga ko te nuinga o ngā rama i hangaia e ngā LED ka whakamutua te whakamārama i te ūnga tika, te tiriti anō.

He aha ngā rama tiriti LED he pai ake te pūngao me te rata taiao?

Ko te tōtika pūngao o ngā rama tiriti LED tētahi o ngā take tino māia, ā-pūtea hoki mō tō rātou whakatamarikitanga whānui. Kāore tēnei tōtika i takea mai i tētahi āhuahira kotahi, engari mai i tētahi pahekotanga kaha o ngā take: te mahinga pūtake tiketike, te tōtika o te rama tiketike, me te whakaurunga o ngā mana mōhio. Tērā pea ka puta mai i tētahi pūnaha HPS te 100 lumens mō ia watt mai i te rama anō, engari i muri i te kaute i ngā ngaronga ōmata nui i roto i te whakaata me te pūngao i pau i te ballast, ka tino heke te mahinga o te ao tūturu o te pūnaha. Ko tētahi pūnaha LED, e tīmata ana ki tētahi maramara tērā pea ka puta mai i te 150 lumens mō ia watt, ā, he iti rawa te ngaro i roto i ōna whakaata tōtika, ka nui ake te mārama ka taea te whakamahi ki te tiriti mō ia watt hiko e pau ana. Ka whakamāoritia tēnei ki ngā penapena pūngao hāngai o te 50% ki te 70% i whakaritea ki te HPS, he whakaiti e tino pānga ana ki te pūtea whakahaere o tētahi taone me tōna tapuwae waro. Mā te whakapau hiko iti iho, ka whakaheke noa iho hoki mātou i te kohu o ngā korohū kati kati kino pēnei i te CO2 me ngā parakino pēnei i te SO2 mai i ngā hiko hiko, e āwhina hāngai ana ki ngā ūnga whakaiti ā-motu, ā-ao hoki. Heoi anō, ko ngā painga taiao e toro atu ana i tua atu i ngā penapena pūngao. Kei roto i ngā rama HPS te konupū, he neurotoxin kaha, e hiritia ana i roto i te ngongo pewa. Kia tae ēnei rama ki te mutunga o to rātau oranga, me raweke hei ururua mōrearea. Mēnā ka pakaru i te parae, ka whiua hē rānei ki ngā putunga whenua, ka taea e rātou te tuku i tēnei taonga ki te taiao, e whakapoke ana i te oneone me te wai whenua. Ko ngā rama tiriti LED, he rerekē, ka whakamahi i te hangarau mārō, ā, kāore he taonga mōrearea, ētahi atu rawa mōrearea rānei. He tino tukurua rātou, ā, e tohu ana i tētahi pūtake mārama tino rata ki te taiao, e hāngai ana ki ngā mātāpono o te mahi porohita o nāianei.

Me pēhea e hoatu ai e ngā pūnaha mana atamai he tapa ki ngā rama tiriti LED?

Ko tētahi painga whakamutunga, pūmau o ngā rama tiriti LED ko tō rātou hototahitanga korekore ki ngā pūnaha mana mōhio o nāianei, he āheinga e kore e taea e te hangarau HPS. He nui te mate mahi o ngā rama HPS: e hiahiatia ana he wā mahana mō ngā meneti maha kia tae ki te tīahoaho katoa mai i te tīmatanga mātao, ā, ki te whakawetohia, he wā whakamātao i mua i te whakakā anō. Mā tēnei e kore ai e taea te whakahaere hihiri, wā tūturu. Heoi anō, ka eke ngā rama tiriti LED ki te tīahoaho katoa i te wā e whakakāngia ana, ā, kāore he wā mahana. Ko tēnei āheinga "inamata" te kī e wetemaukati ana i te kaha katoa o te tīramarama o te taone atamai. He ngāwari noa iho te whakauru ki ngā pūtau whakaahua, ngā pūoko nekeneke, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere matua (CMS) e whakawhiti kōrero ana mā ngā whatunga ahokore. Mā tēnei e āhei ai ngā rautaki penapena pūngao mātauranga kāore i te mōhiotia i mua. Hei tauira, ka taea te hina i ngā rama ki te 30%, ki te 40% rānei i ngā haora pō i te wā he iti noa iho ngā waka, kātahi ka tīaho inamata ki te 100% ina kite te pūoko i tētahi kaiwaewae, kaieke paihikara, waka rānei e tata ana. Ka taea e tēnei tīramarama urutau, ā-tono te penapena i tētahi atu 30-40% pūngao i tua atu i ngā penapena mai i te whakamohoa LED. Tērā anō, ka whakarato te CMS i te aroturuki wā tūturu o ia maunga rama, e pūrongo inamata ana i ngā rahunga me te whakaae ki te tautiakitanga tōtika, kua ūngaia. Mā tēnei e whakakore te hiahia mō ngā tautiaki pō utu nui, haurangi hoki ki te kimi i ngā rama tahuna, ā, ka whakarite kia whakatauria ngā weto i mua i te take haumaru. Mā tēnei taumata mana e huri te rama tiriti mai i tētahi kawenga ngoikore, i ngā wā katoa ki tētahi wae hohe, urupare o te hanganga mōhio o tētahi taone.

Ko te tauwhiro mai i te mura amipere o te konutai pēhanga tiketike ki te rama mā mātao o ngā LED, he nui ake i te whakamohoa hangarau ngāwari. E tohu ana i tētahi huringa tino nui i te āhua o te whakatata a ngā tāone ki ngā hanganga tūmatanui, te whakataurite i te mahinga, te utu, me te kawenga taiao. Ahakoa he pai te mahi a ngā rama HPS ki ngā hapori mō ngā tekau tau, ko ō rātou whāititanga hangarau tūturu—te tāhuahua tae kore, te tuari mārama kore, ngā mōrearea taiao, me te hotokore ki ngā mana o nāianei—ka noho hei hangarau o mua. Ka whakatauria e ngā rama tiriti LED ēnei hē, e tuku ana i tētahi rongoā pai ake, roa ake, haumaru ake, me te haepapa taiao ake. Mō tētahi taone, rohe rānei e kimi ana ki te whakaiti i ngā utu mahi, ki te whakaheke i tōna tapuwae waro, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te ora me te haumaru mō ōna iwi, he tino nui te whakaaturanga: ko te wā heke mai o te tīramarama huarahi ko te LED.

Ngā pātai auau mō ngā rama tiriti LED me HPS

Ka taea e au te whakakapi hāngai i tētahi pūrama HPS ki tētahi LED i roto i taku rama tiriti tīariari?

I te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakakapi noa i te rama HPS ki tētahi LED "kānga kānga", ki tētahi pūrama tīwiri rānei. He tino rerekē ngā hangarau whakaata, te totohu wera, me ngā atekōkiri hiko. Mō tētahi whakahou tika, haumaru hoki, me whakakapi e koe te rama katoa ki tētahi rama tiriti LED i hangaia, me whakamahi rānei i tētahi kete whakahou LED i hangaia mō tō maunga motuhake, e whakakapi ana i te huihuinga ōmata me te atekōkiri.

He pai ake te rama karaka mai i ngā rama HPS mō te kohu i te rama LED mā?

I te hītori, i whakaarotia he pai ake te rama kōwhai/karaka o HPS mō te uru kohu. Heoi anō, he rite tonu te whakamahi a ngā rama tiriti LED o nāianei i te pāmahana tae hāngai (CCT) o te 3000K, 4000K rānei, he tūāwhiorangi whārite tōna. Ahakoa he iti iho te marara o te rama kōwhai roangaru roa, ko te kaha tiketike me te mana kurupae pū o ngā LED he pai ake te kitenga whānui i roto i te kohu. Tērā anō, he maha ngā taputapu LED hōu ka taea te whakapūtā ki tētahi CCT 2700K-3000K "mahana" hei whakamōrahi i te mahinga huarere.

E hia ngā moni ka taea e tētahi taone te penapena mā te whakawhiti ki ngā rama tiriti LED?

He nui, he maha hoki nga penapena. I te nuinga o te wā ka kite ngā tāone i te 50-70% te whakahekenga o ngā utu pūngao mō te tīramarama tiriti i muri tonu i te tahuringa LED. Ina honoa ki te iti o ngā utu tiaki nā te roa ake o te oranga o ngā LED, me te kaha ki ngā penapena tāpiri mai i ngā mana rehu urutau, ka utua e te katoa o ngā penapena utu whakahaere mō te kaupapa katoa i roto i te 5 ki te 7 tau, i muri iho ka penapena tonu te taone i ngā miriona ia tau.