He aha ngā tiwhikete haumaru Tiamana e whai take ana i te mākete o te ao whānui
Mō tētahi kaiwhakanao e hiahia ana ki te kaweake i ngā hua hiko ki Uropi, otirā ki Tiamana, ehara i te mea hira noa iho te mārama ki te whenua o ngā tiwhikete haumaru. He rongonui roa a Tiamana mō ngā paerewa kounga me te haumaru, ā, he nui te taumahatanga o ōna tohu tiwhikete ki tua atu i ōna rohe. E rua o ngā tohu tino rongonui, manaaki hoki ko te tohu GS me te tohu VDE. Ahakoa e whakahuatia tahitia ana, ā, i takea mai rāua i Tiamana, he tiwhikete motuhake me ngā tikanga rerekē, ngā whānuitanga, me ngā turanga ture. Ko te tohu GS he tiwhikete haumaru whānui mō ngā hua whānui, ā, he tauwhāiti ake te tohu VDE ki ngā wae hiko, hiko, me ngā wae whai pānga. Mō ngā kawemai, ngā kaikaweake, me ngā kaihoko, he tohu kaha ēnei tohu kua whakamātauria tētahi hua e tētahi hunga tuatoru takitahi, kūpapa, ā, kua kitea kua tutuki i ngā whakaritenga haumaru pākaha. E tohu ana rātou i tētahi whāinga ki te kounga me te haumaru e taea ai te whakarerekē i tētahi hua i tētahi mākete kōpikopiko. Mā tēnei aratohu e whakamārama te tikanga, te taketake, me te tikanga o ngā tiwhikete GS me VDE, hei āwhina i a koe ki te whakatere i te ao matatini o te whakatikatika hua.
He aha te tiwhikete GS, he aha hoki te tikanga mō tētahi hua?
Ko te tohu GS, e tohu ana mō "Geprüfte Sicherheit" (Tiamana mō te "Haumaru Whakamātautau"), he tohu tiwhikete haumaru tūturu mō Tiamana. E tohu ana kua whakamātauria tētahi hua e tētahi tinana aromatawai hāngai takitahi, ā, ka tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te Ture Haumaru Hua Tiamana (ProdSG) me ngā paerewa Pākehā, ao whānui rānei. He mea nui kia mārama ehara te GS i te tohu whakahau. Ko te whakaritenga whakahau mō ngā hua e hokona ana i te Uniana o Ūropi ko te tohu CE, he whakapuakitanga whaiaro a te kaiwhakanao. Heoi anō, he whakarerekē kaha te tohu GS. Nā te mea kei roto i te whakamātautau a tētahi rōpū tuatoru takitahi, he nui ake te taumata whakaū me te whakawhirinaki i te tohu CE i whakapuakina e ia anō. Mō ngā kiritaki me ngā kaihoko ngaio i Tiamana, puta noa i Uropi, ko te tohu GS he tohu haumaru hua. E ai ki ngā paerewa Pākehā hāngai (EN), i ētahi take rānei, i ngā paerewa mahi Tiamana (DIN). Kei roto i te tukanga he āta tirotiro i te hoahoa, te hanganga, me te tapanga o te hua kia kore ai e mōrearea ki te kaiwhakamahi. Ko ngā arotakenga wheketere auau he wāhanga o te tiwhikete hei whakarite i te kounga o te whakanaotanga haere tonu. Mā tētahi hua e mau ana i te tohu GS e whakawhirinaki ki ngā kiritaki kua manatokona e tētahi tohunga tōna haumarutanga, tērā pea he painga whakataetae nui, otirā mō ngā hua e āwangawanga nui ana te haumarutanga, pēnei i ngā utauta hiko, ngā taputapu kāinga, ngā taonga, me ngā taputapu rama.
He aha te rerekētanga o te tiwhikete GS i te tohu CE?
Ko te pātahitanga i waenganui i te tohu GS me te tohu CE he wāhi mōrearea noa iho. Ko te tohu CE he tohu whakarite whakahau mō ngā hua e hokona ana i roto i te Rohe Ohaoha o Ūropi. Mā te whakapiri i te tohu CE, ka whakapuakina e te kaiwhakanao, i runga i tā rātou ake kawenga, ka tutuki i tā rātou hua ngā whakaritenga matua katoa o ngā tohutohu me ngā ture Pākehā e hāngai ana (hei tauira, te Tohutohu Ngaohiko Iti mō ngā taputapu hiko). He tukanga whakapuakitanga whaiaro, ā, ahakoa me whai tuhinga hangarau te kaiwhakanao hei tārua i tā rātou kerēme, kāore e pā ana ki te whakamātautau a te hunga tuatoru takitahi. Ko te tohu GS, i tērā taha, he tohu tūturu. E ai ki te ture ā-motu o Tiamana (te Ture Haumaru Hua) ā, ko te mea nui, e hiahiatia ana he tiwhikete e tētahi tinana whakamātautau takitahi, kua whakamanatia (pēnei i te TÜV, VDE, te Dekra rānei). Ko tēnei whakauru a te hunga tuatoru te rerekētanga matua. Ko te tohu GS he apa whakaū tāpiri e tua atu ana i te whakapuakitanga a te kaiwhakanao. E kī ana ki te kiritaki, "Ehara i te mea e tutuki ana i tēnei hua ngā whakaritenga ā-ture (CE), engari kua manatokona hoki tōna haumarutanga e tētahi tohunga takitahi (GS)." Nō reira, mō te maha o ngā hua, tērā pea he tohu CE (mō te urunga mākete ā-ture) me tētahi tohu GS (mō te whakawhirinakitanga mākete me te whakawhirinaki kiritaki). I te nuinga o te wā e kitea ana te tohu GS hei tiwhikete haumaru mārō i Tiamana, e hanga ana i runga i te tūāpapa o ngā whakaritenga CE.
He aha te tiwhikete VDE, ā, he aha tāna e tohu ana?
Ko te tohu VDE i ahu mai i te VDE Testing and Certification Institute (VDE Prüf- und Zertifizierungsinstitut), e noho ana i Offenbach, Tiamana. Kei te whai wāhi tēnei whare wānanga ki te German Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies (VDE), he whakahaere i whakatūria i te tau 1893. Ko te VDE Institute tētahi o ngā tinana whakamātautau me te tiwhikete tino manaaki, rongonui hoki mō ngā hua hiko i te ao. I whakatūria i te tau 1920, ka mahi hei whakahaere kūpapa, takitahi hoki. Ko tana mahi matua ko te whakamātau me te whakamana i ngā hua hiko, ngā mōtete, me ngā pūnaha mō te haumarutanga, te hototahi ā-hiko (EMC), me ētahi atu āhuatanga pēnei i te tōtika pūngao me te haumarutanga ipurangi. Ko te tohu VDE he kawenata kua whakamātauria tētahi hua e tēnei whare wānanga takitahi, ā, e ū ana ki ngā paerewa haumaru e hāngai ana. Ko ēnei paerewa ko ngā paerewa ā-motu VDE Tiamana, ngā paerewa EN Ūropi, ngā paerewa IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) rānei. He nui te whānuitanga o te tiwhikete VDE, e kapi ana i ngā mea katoa mai i ngā mono me ngā taura, ngā pūkaha me ngā panoni, ki ngā pūrere whare, ngā pūrere rongoā, me ngā mīhini mahi. Hei tauira, he tino nui te whakaaro o te atekōkiri VDE ki tōna kounga me tōna haumarutanga. I ngā whenua maha o te ao, otirā i ētahi wāhi o Āhia me te Rāwhiti o Waenganui, he rongonui ake, he mōhiotia hoki te tohu tiwhikete VDE i ngā tohu tiwhikete kāinga o aua whenua. E tino uara ana e ngā kawemai, ngā kaweake, me ngā kaiwhakarite e kite ana he tohu whānui o te kounga tōtika me te piri ki ngā paerewa hangarau tiketike.
He aha te rerekētanga me te whanaungatanga i waenga i te tiwhikete GS me te VDE?
Ahakoa i takea mai ngā tohu GS me VDE i Tiamana, ā, e tohu ana rāua tahi i te haumarutanga, he tohu rerekē ngā tohu rerekē, ā, ka taea, ā, i te nuinga o te wā, ka whiwhi tahi. Ko te tohu GS he tohu haumaru whānui mō tētahi hua kua oti. Kia mau ai te rama waipuke LED i te tohu GS, me whakamātau e tētahi tinana whai mana (arā pea ko VDE, TÜV, ērā atu mea) ki ngā paerewa haumaru hua e hāngai ana. Ko te tohu VDE, i tēnei horopaki, he tohu tiwhikete motuhake i tukuna e te Whare Wānanga VDE. Ka taea te whakamana hāngai i tētahi hua ki te tohu VDE, ā, e mōhiotia ana hei tohu haumaru me te kounga. Heoi anō, nā te mea he tinana tiwhikete whakamana te Whare Wānanga VDE mō te tohu GS, ka taea e rātou te whakamana i tētahi hua mō ngā tohu e rua i te wā kotahi. Tērā pea, ka mau pea tētahi hua i ngā tohu VDE me ngā tohu GS, e tohu ana kua whakamātauria, kua whakamanatia e te Whare Wānanga VDE, ā, ka tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mō te tohu GS. He tautoko tino kaha tēnei pahekotanga. E kī ana ki te kiritaki kua whakamātauria te hua e tētahi o ngā taiwhanga whakamātau hiko takitahi o te ao (VDE), ā, kua whakamanatia tikatia tōna haumarutanga e ai ki te aronui GS Tiamana uaua. Mō ngā hua hiko uara tiketike, haumaru rānei, ka kitea tēnei tiwhikete takirua hei paerewa koura hei whakaatu i te kounga me te haumaru ki ngā kiritaki tino mōhio i Uropi me tua atu.
He aha i hira ai ngā tiwhikete GS me VDE mō ngā hua rama LED?
Mō tētahi kaiwhakanao rama LED, pēnei i te OAK LED, ehara te whiwhi tiwhikete GS me te VDE mō ngā hua, ō rātou wae matua rānei (pēnei i ngā atekōkiri) i te mahi takawaenga noa iho. He whakataunga pakihi rautaki me ngā painga maha. Ko te tuatahi, he utauta mākete kaha, hoko hoki. I te mākete Tiamana me Ūropi whānui ake, he maha ngā kaihoko ngaio, tae atu ki ngā kaihoko hiko, ngā kaikirimana, me ngā tohutohu, ka kimi i ngā tohu GS, VDE rānei. Ki a rātou, he pokatata ēnei tohu ki te kounga. Ka whakahekea e tētahi hua ēnei tohu he haumaru, he pono hoki te hua. Ka taea e te hua me ēnei tohu te tono utu nui me te uru māmā ake ki ngā kaupapa, otirā ngā whakangāwari tūmatanui, ngā tāutanga arumoni tauine nui rānei e pākaha ana ngā whakaritenga haumaru. Tērā, ka tino whakaiti i te mōrea taunaha. Mā te whakamātautau, te whakamana i tētahi hua e tētahi hunga tuatoru takitahi, ka taea e te kaiwhakanao te whakaatu kua kaha rātou ki te whakarite i tōna haumarutanga. He tino nui tēnei i te wā o tētahi kerēme taunaha hua. Tuatoru, ka whakaraupapa i te urunga mākete. Ahakoa he mea noa iho ngā tohu, ko te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa tiketike e hiahiatia ana mō te tiwhikete GS, VDE rānei e tata ana ki te whakaū ka tutuki hoki i te hua ngā whakaritenga CE whakahau. Ka āwhina te tukanga whakamātautau ki te tāutu me te whakatika wawe i ngā hē hoahoa, e ahu ana ki tētahi hua pai ake, haumaru ake hoki. Mō tētahi parani pēnei i te OAK LED, ko te haumi i ēnei tiwhikete rangatira he whakaaturanga tūturu o te whāinga ki te kounga, te haumaru, me te pono mo te wā roa, te hanga i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā kiritaki i roto i tētahi mākete whakataetae o te ao.
Ngā pātai auau mō te tiwhikete GS me te VDE
He mea whakahau te tiwhikete GS mō te hoko hua i Tiamana?
Kāo, he mea noa iho te tiwhikete GS. Ko te whakaritenga whakahau mō te hoko i te nuinga o ngā hua i Tiamana me te EU ko te tohu CE, he whakapuakitanga whaiaro a te kaiwhakanao. Heoi anō, ko te tohu GS e whakarato ana i te manatokonga haumarutanga, ā, e tino uara ana e ngā kiritaki me ngā kaihoko ngaio hei tohu o te kounga me te whakawhirinaki.
He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te tiwhikete VDE me te TÜV?
Ko te VDE me te TÜV (Technischer Überwachungsverein) he tinana whakamātautau, tiwhikete hoki i Tiamana. Ko te tikanga he tauwhāinga rātau e tuku ana i ngā ratonga ōrite. He tino rongonui te VDE mō tōna tohungatanga i roto i ngā hangarau hiko, hiko, mōhiohio hoki, ā, he whānui ake te whānuitanga o ngā umanga TÜV (pēnei i te TÜV Rheinland, TÜV SÜD) e kapi ana i ngā wāhanga mahi maha. Ka taea e rāua te whakamana hua mō te tohu GS. I te nuinga o te wā ka heke iho te kōwhiringa ki te momo hua motuhake me te manakohanga a te kaiwhakanao.
Pēhea te roa e whaimana ai te tiwhikete VDE?
Kāore te mana o tētahi tiwhikete VDE i te mutunga kore. I te nuinga o te wā, tae atu ki te 3, 5 tau rānei, engari kei te āhua tonu tēnei o te aronui tiwhikete me te momo hua. Ko te mea nui, ko te pupuri i te tiwhikete e hiahiatia ana ngā arotaupū tirotiro auau me ngā arotakenga wheketere kia tutuki tonu ai ngā paerewa kua whakamanatia. Mēnā ka nui te rerekētanga o te hua, tōna tukanga whakanao rānei, me arotake anō pea te tiwhikete.
