Te Neke o te Ao i roto i te Whakamāramatanga o te Huarahi

I te wā e kākari ana te ao ki te pikinga o ngā tono pūngao me te hiahia kōhukihuki mō ngā whakaiti kohu waro, kei te āta tirohia ia wāhanga mō ngā whiwhinga tōtika. Ko te rama tiriti o te taone, he ratonga tūmatanui nui, engari i te nuinga o te wā e whakarapa ana, e tohu ana i tētahi wāhi tino nui. Mō ngā tekau tau, kua mura te rangi o o tātau tāone i te hākano amipere o ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike (HPS). Ko ēnei maunga ngā hoiho mahi o te rama huarahi, e uara ana mō tō rātou roa i whakaritea ki ngā hangarau o mua me tō rātou kaha ki te wero i te kohu. Heoi anō, kua kawea mai e te rau tau 21 tētahi kaiwhakataetae kaha: te Light Emitting Diode (LED). Ehara te tauwhiro mai i te HPS ki te LED i te whakamohoa hangarau noa iho; He neke taketake tēnei i te āhua o tā mātou whakatata atu ki ngā hanganga tūmatanui, te whakataurite i te mahinga, te utu, me te kawenga taiao. Ko tēnei whakataurite whānui e hāngai ana ki ngā tawhā hangarau, ngā tūturu mahi, me ngā painga mo te wā roa o ngā hangarau e rua, e whakaatu ana he aha ngā rama tiriti LED i noho ai hei kōwhiringa mārama mō ngā tāone hou, pūmau e whai ana ki te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga tiaki pūngao me te whakaiti i te kohukohu.

He aha ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike (HPS), ā, he aha i tino paingia ai?

Ko ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike nō te whānau o ngā pūtake rama kaha rawa (HID). Ka puta mai he mārama mā te whakawhiti i tētahi pewa hiko i roto i tētahi ngongo pewa uku e pupuri ana i te ranunga o te konupū, te konutai, me te korohū xenon. Ko te konutai, ina whakaongaonga, ko ia te kawenga mō tō rātou mārama kōwhai kōwhai monochromatic. Neke atu i te hawhe rau tau, ko ngā rama HPS te kōwhiringa nui mō te rama tiriti puta noa i te ao, ā, he pai te take. I tukuna e rātau he pekenga nui i runga i o rātau tōmua, ngā rama kohu mercury, e whakaputa ana i te 80 ki te 140 lumens mō ia watt. Nā tēnei i pai ai rātou mō tō rātou wā. Waihoki, he iti iho te ngāwari o tō rātou roangaru kōwhai-karaka ki te marara e ngā korakora wai, e tino pai ai te uru ki te kohu, te ua, me te hukarere. Nā tēnei i noho ai rātou hei kōwhiringa pono mō te whakarite i tētahi taumata tauanga o te kitenga i roto i ngā āhuatanga huarere kino. Ko tō rātou roanga o te ora, tae atu ki te 24,000 hāora, tētahi atu wāhi hokohoko nui, e whakaiti ana i te auautanga o ngā huringa rama i whakaritea ki ngā whiringa kōauau, kōauau rānei. Heoi anō, i te rerekētanga o te hangarau tīramarama me tō tātau mōhiotanga ki te kitenga tangata, kua kore e taea te waiho ngā hē tūturu o te hangarau HPS.

He aha ngā hē matua o ngā rama HPS i roto i te tīramarama huarahi?

Ahakoa tō rātou mana hītori, he maha ngā hēnga nui o ngā rama HPS e kore ai e tika mō ngā paerewa tīramarama o nāianei. Ko te take nui tuatahi ko te iti o te whakamārama, te ōritetanga me te mana. Ko ngā rama HPS he pūtake rama omnidirectional, ko te tikanga ka whakaputa mārama ki ngā ahunga katoa. Hei whakahaere i tēnei rama ki raro i te huarahi, me whakawhirinaki ngā rama ki ngā whakaata nui. He tino māia tēnei pūnaha. Ka ngaro te mārama i roto i te maunga anō, ā, he tino tiketike te mārama o te tauira kurupae i raro tonu i te rama—i ētahi wā he nui ake i te 40 lux i runga i ngā huarahi tuarua, arā, he moumou te māramatanga. I tua atu, i waenganui i ngā pou pātata e rua, ka heke te mārama ki te 40% o taua uara tihi, ka waihanga i ngā rohe pouri e whakararuraru ana i te haumarutanga. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ōritetanga rawakore ka moumou te pūngao ki ngā wāhi kanapa rawa, engari kāore e tika te whakamārama i ētahi atu. Tērā, ko te tōtika katoa o te rama HPS e tino whakakāhoretia ana e te hoahoa o te maunga. Ko te tōtika o te kaituku o tētahi rama HPS pūnoa e tata ana ki te 50-60% anake, ko te tikanga e tata ana ki te 30-40% o te mārama i hangaia e mau ana i roto i te rama, ka ngongo rānei e te whakaata. He moumou taketake tēnei, e kore e taea te karo i te hangarau. Kātahi anō, ahakoa he roanga ariā o ngā rama HPS tae atu ki te 24,000 hāora, he poto ake te roanga o te ora. E tairongo ana rātou ki ngā tārere ngaohiko mātiti me te taiao mahi pākaha o tētahi pou tiriti, arā ko ngā wiriwiri, ngā tino pāmahana, me te huarere. Ko te hua, ka nui ake i te 60% te auau o te rahunga ā-tau mō ngā tāutanga HPS, ā, ka nui ake ngā waea tiaki auau, utu nui hoki e kai ana i ngā penapena pūngao.

He aha ngā rama tiriti LED me pēhea te whakaoti i ēnei raruraru?

Ka whakamahia e ngā rama tiriti LED ngā diode whakaputa mārama hei pūtake mārama. Kāore i rite ki te HPS, ko ngā LED he pūrere semiconductor mārō e whakaputa ana i te mārama mā te electroluminescence. Ko tēnei rerekētanga taketake o te ahupūngao e whakamāoritia ana ki te tini o ngā painga ā-ringa. Ko te mea tino nui o ēnei ko te roanga o te ora. Kua whakatauria tētahi rama tiriti LED kounga tiketike mō te oranga tōtika o te 50,000 ki te 100,000 hāora, neke atu rānei—he tino roa ake i te oranga ariā o tētahi rama HPS. Ko tēnei roanga e kōrero hāngai ana ki ngā utu tiaki tiketike me ngā mokatere rahunga e pā ana ki te HPS, e āhei ai ngā tāone ki te tāuta me te wareware i ā rātou hanganga rama mō ngā tau. Heoi anō, he tino rerekē te kounga o te mārama i hangaia e ngā LED. Mā tētahi taupū tāhuahua tae (CRI) e ngāwari ana te tae ki te 70, 80 rānei, ā, i te nuinga o te wā, he tūāwhiorangi whānui te rama LED, ā, he tata tonu te tāwhai i te awatea māori. I raro i te whakamāramatanga LED, he kanapa, he pono hoki ngā tae. Ehara tēnei i te whakapainga rerehua noa iho; He pānga haumaru hōhonu tōna. Ko te āheinga o te whatu tangata ki te kite i te taumira, ki te tāutu i ngā ahanoa, me te urupare ki ngā mōrearea tūpono, e herea hāngai ana ki te kounga o te mārama. Mā te CRI teitei ake o ngā LED e āhei ai ngā atekōkiri me ngā kaiwaewae kia mārama ake te kite me te urupare tere ake, mā te whakarei ake i te haumarutanga huarahi katoa e kore e taea e te rama monochromatic o HPS te ōrite.

He pēhea te pai ake o te kounga me te mana o ngā rama tiriti LED?

Ko ngā painga o ngā LED e toro atu ana i tua atu i te roanga o te ora me te tāhuahua tae ki te uho o te whakahaere, te whakahaere hoki i te mārama. Ko te āhuatanga tino whakarerekē ko tō rātou āhua aronga. Kāore i te rite ki ngā rama HPS e whakaputa ana i te mārama ki ia ahunga, he aronga tūturu ngā LED, i te nuinga o te wā e whakaputa ana i te mārama i roto i te tauira 180 waeine. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka hāngai māori te rama ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana—ki raro ki te tiriti. Mā tēnei āhuatanga aronga, me ngā whakaata tuarua (arotahi) i hangaia tōtika, e āhei ai te mana tōtika ki te tuari mārama. Ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa rama te waihanga i ngā tauira kurupae motuhake e ōrite ana ki te āhuahanga o tētahi huarahi, me te whakarite kia tika te whakanoho i te rama ki runga i te papa kohatu, ā, kāore e moumou ki ngā mata whare, ngā tuawhenua, te rangi pō rānei. Mā tēnei e whakakore te raruraru o te whakamāramatanga nui i raro i te pou me raro i te whakamāramatanga i waenganui i ngā pou, e waihanga ana i tētahi taiao tīramarama ōrite ake, haumaru ake hoki. Ka taea te whakarite pai i te ānau tuari rama o tētahi rama tiriti LED kia eke ai ki ngā taumata mārama ōrite puta noa i te huarahi katoa, e whakamōrahi ana i te kitenga me te tōtika. Heoi anō, nā te mea he tino tika te hāngai o te mārama, he tino pai ake te tōtika o te rama. Ehara i te ngaro i te 30-40% o te mārama i roto i te maunga, ka tutuki i ngā rama tiriti LED ngā māiatanga o te 90% neke atu rānei, ko te tikanga ko te nuinga o ngā rama i hangaia e ngā LED ka whakamāramatia te ūnga e hiahiatia ana.

He aha ngā rama tiriti LED he pai ake te pūngao me te taiao?

Ko te tōtika pūngao o ngā rama tiriti LED tētahi o ngā take tino māia mō tō rātou whakatamarikitanga whānui. I takea mai tēnei tōtika i te pahekotanga o ngā take: te mahinga pūtake tiketike (lumens mō ia watt mai i te maramara LED), te tōtika o te rama tiketike (iti noa iho te ngaromanga ōmata), me ngā mana mōhio. Tērā pea ka puta mai i tētahi pūnaha HPS te 100 lumens mō ia watt mai i te rama, engari i muri i te kaute i ngā ngaronga whakaata, ka tino heke te mahinga o te pūnaha. Ko tētahi pūnaha LED, e tīmata ana ki tētahi maramara tērā pea ka puta mai i te 150 lumens mō ia watt, ā, he iti noa iho te ngaro i roto i ngā whatu, ka nui ake te mārama ka taea te whakamahi ki te tiriti mō ia watt hiko e pau ana. Ka whakamāoritia tēnei ki te penapena pūngao hāngai o te 50% ki te 70% i whakaritea ki te HPS, he whakaiti e tino pā ana ki te pūtea whakahaere me te kohu waro o tētahi taone. Mā te whakapau hiko iti iho, ka whakahekea noatia hoki e mātou te kohu o ngā korohū kino pēnei i te CO2 me te SO2 mai i ngā hiko hiko, e āwhina hāngai ana ki ngā ūnga whakaiti ā-motu, ā-ao hoki. Heoi anō, ko ngā painga taiao e tua atu ana i te penapena pūngao. Kei roto i ngā rama HPS he konupū, he neurotoxin kaha, e hiritia ana i roto i te ngongo pewa. Kia tae ēnei rama ki te mutunga o tō rātou oranga, me raweke hei ururua mōrearea. Ki te pakaru i te parae, ki te whiua hē rānei, ka taea e rātou te tuku taonga ki te taiao, ka whakapoke i te oneone me te wai. Ko ngā rama tiriti LED, he rerekē, ka whakamahi i te hangarau mārō, ā, kāore he konupū, ētahi atu rawa mōrearea rānei. He tino tukurua rātou, ā, he pūtake mārama tino rata ki te taiao. Kei te nui haere te hira o tēnei āhuatanga o te tīramarama "kākāriki" i te wā e whakamahi ana ngā tāone i ngā kaupapa here pūmautanga pākaha.

Me pēhea e hoatu ai e ngā pūnaha mana atamai he tapa ki ngā rama tiriti LED?

Ko tētahi painga whakamutunga, pūmau o ngā rama tiriti LED ko tō rātou hototahitanga korekore ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere atamai o nāianei. He nui te whakahoki o ngā rama HPS i tēnei rohe: e hiahiatia ana he wā mahana mō ētahi meneti kia tae ki te tīahoaho katoa mai i te tīmatanga mātao, tae atu ki te wā whakamātao anō i mua i te whakakā anō. Mā tēnei e kore ai e taea te whakahaere hihiri, wā tūturu. Heoi anō, ka eke ngā rama tiriti LED ki te tīahoaho katoa i te wā e whakakāngia ana, kāore he wā mahana. Ko tēnei āheinga "inamata" te kī e wetemaukati ana i te kaha katoa o te tīramarama o te taone atamai. Ka taea te whakauru ngāwari ki ngā pūtau whakaahua, ngā pūoko nekeneke, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere matua (CMS) e whakawhiti kōrero ana mā ngā whatunga ahokore. Mā tēnei e āhei ai ngā rautaki penapena pūngao mātanga. Hei tauira, ka taea te hina i ngā rama ki te 30%, ki te 40% rānei i te huaputa i ngā haora pō ina iti noa iho ngā waka, kātahi ka tīaho inamata ki te 100% ina kitea e te pūoko he kaiwaewae, he kaieke paihikara, he waka rānei. Ka taea e tēnei tīramarama urutau te penapena i tētahi atu 30-40% pūngao i tua atu i ngā penapena mai i te whakamohoa LED. Tērā anō, ka tukua e te CMS te aroturuki wā tūturu o ia taputapu rama, e pūrongo ana i ngā rahunga inamata me te whakaae ki te whakatikatika i te wā, e whakakore ana i te hiahia mō ngā tautiaki pō utu nui, kāore hoki i te pai ki te kimi i ngā rama kua tahuna.

Ngā Rama Tiriti LED vs. Konutai Pēhanga Tiketike

Ko te ripanga e whai ake nei e whakarāpopoto ana i ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā rama tiriti LED me ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike tūturu, e miramira ana i te mahinga teitei ake o te hangarau LED puta noa i ngā meka katoa.

I te mutunga, ko te whakataurite i waenga i ngā rama tiriti LED me ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike, he tino taha kotahi. Ahakoa i mahi a HPS i tōna whāinga mō ngā tekau tau maha, ko ōna whāititanga hangarau tūturu—te tāhuahua tae rawakore, te tuari mārama kore, ngā mōrearea taiao, me te hotokore ki ngā mana o nāianei—ka noho hei hangarau o mua. Ka whakatauria e ngā rama tiriti LED ēnei hē, e tuku ana i tētahi rongoā pai ake, roa ake, haumaru ake, me te haepapa taiao ake. Mō tētahi taone, rohe rānei e hiahia ana ki te whakaiti i ngā utu, ki te whakaheke i tōna tapuwae waro, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te ora mō ōna iwi, he mārama te kōwhiringa: ko te wā heke mai o te tīramarama huarahi he LED.

Ngā pātai auau mō ngā rama tiriti LED me HPS

Ka taea e au te whakakapi hāngai i tētahi pūrama HPS ki tētahi LED i roto i taku rama tiriti tīariari?

I te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakakapi noa i te rama HPS ki tētahi "kānga kānga" LED, ki tētahi pūrama tīwiri rānei. He tino rerekē ngā whatu, te totohu wera, me ngā atekōkiri hiko. Mō tētahi whakahou tika, haumaru hoki, me whakakapi e koe te rama katoa ki tētahi rama tiriti LED i hangaia e koe, me whakamahi rānei i tētahi kete whakahou LED i hangaia mō tō maunga motuhake, e whakakapi ana i te huihuinga ōmata me te atekōkiri.

He pai ake te rama karaka mai i ngā rama HPS mō te kohu i te rama LED mā?

I te hītori, he pai ake te rama kōwhai/karaka o HPS mō te uruhanga kohu. Heoi anō, ko ngā rama tiriti LED o nāianei e whakamahi ana i te pāmahana tae (CCT) o te 3000K, 4000K rānei, he tūāwhiorangi whārite tōna. Ahakoa he iti iho te marara o te rama kōwhai roangaru, ko te kaha nui ake me te mana kurupae o ngā LED he pai ake te kitenga whānui i roto i te kohu. Tērā anō, he maha ngā maunga LED hōu ka taea te whakapūtā ki tētahi 2700K-3000K CCT "mahana" hei whakamōrahi i te mahinga huarere.

E hia te moni ka taea e tētahi taone te penapena mā te whakawhiti ki ngā rama tiriti LED?

He nui nga penapena. I te nuinga o te wā ka kite ngā tāone i te 50-70% whakahekenga o ngā utu pūngao mō te tīramarama tiriti i muri tonu i te tahuringa LED. Ina pahekotia ki te whakahekenga o ngā utu tiaki (nā te roa ake o te oranga o ngā LED) me te kaha o ngā mana dimming urutau, ka utua e te katoa o ngā penapena utu whakahaere mō te kaupapa katoa i roto i te 5 ki te 7 tau, i muri iho ka penapena tonu te taone i ngā miriona ia tau.