Te Neke o te Ao i roto i te Whakamāramatanga Huarahi

I te wā e kākari ana te ao ki te pikinga o ngā tono pūngao me te hiahia kōhukihuki mō ngā whakahekenga kohu waro, kei te āta tirohia ia wāhanga mō ngā whiwhinga tōtika. Ko te rama tiriti o te rohe, he ratonga tūmatanui nui, engari i te nuinga o te wā e whakarapa ana, e tohu ana i tētahi wāhi tino nui. Mō ngā tekau tau, kua mura te rangi o o tātau tāone i te hākano amipere o ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike (HPS). Ko ēnei maunga te hoiho mahi o te rama huarahi, e uara ana mō tō rātou roa i whakaritea ki ngā hangarau o mua me tō rātou kaha ki te wero i te kohu. Heoi anō, kua kawea mai e te rau tau 21 tētahi kaiwhakataetae kaha: te Light Emitting Diode (LED). Ehara te tauwhiro mai i te HPS ki te LED i te whakamohoa hangarau noa iho; He nekehanga tino nui tēnei i te āhua o tā mātou whakatata atu ki ngā hanganga tūmatanui, te whakataurite i te mahinga, te utu, me te kawenga taiao. Ko tēnei whakataurite whānui e hāngai ana ki ngā tawhā hangarau, ngā tūturu mahi, me ngā painga mo te wā roa o ngā hangarau e rua, e whakaatu ana he aha ngā rama tiriti LED i noho ai hei kōwhiringa mārama mō ngā tāone hou, pūmau e whai ana ki te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga tiaki pūngao me te whakaiti i te kohukohu.

He aha ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike (HPS) me te aha i tino paingia ai?

Ko ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike nō te whānau o ngā pūtake mārama kaha tiketike (HID). Ka puta mai he mārama mā te whakawhiti i tētahi pewa hiko mā roto i tētahi ngongo pewa uku e pupuri ana i te ranunga o te konupū, te konutai, me te korohū xenon. Ko te konutai, ina whakaongaonga, ko te kawenga mo to rātau āhuatanga o te rama amipere-kōwhai monochromatic. Neke atu i te hawhe rau tau, ko ngā rama HPS te kōwhiringa nui mō te rama tiriti puta noa i te ao, ā, he pai te take. I tukuna e rātau he pekenga nui i runga i o rātau tuatahi, ngā rama kohu konupū, e whakaputa ana i te 80 ki te 140 lumens mō ia watt. Nā tēnei i tino pai ai rātou mō tō rātou wā. Heoi anō, he iti iho te marara o tō rātou roangaru kōwhai-karaka ki te marara e ngā korakora wai, e tino pai ai te uru ki te kohu, te ua, me te hukarere. Nā tēnei i noho ai rātou hei kōwhiringa pono mō te whakarite i tētahi taumata kitenga tauanga i roto i ngā āhuatanga huarere kino. Ko tō rātou roanga o te ora, tae atu ki te 24,000 haora, tētahi atu wāhi hokohoko nui, e whakaiti ana i te auautanga o ngā huringa rama i whakaritea ki ngā whiringa kōauau, kōauau rānei. Heoi anō, i te rerekētanga o te hangarau tīramarama me tō tātau mōhiotanga ki te kitenga tangata, kua kore e taea te waiho ngā hē tūturu o te hangarau HPS.

He aha ngā hē matua o ngā rama HPS i roto i te tīramarama huarahi?

Ahakoa tō rātou mana hītori, ka pāngia e ngā rama HPS ētahi hēnga nui e kore ai e tika mō ngā paerewa tīramarama o nāianei. Ko te take nui tuatahi ko te iti o te whakamāramatanga, te ōritetanga me te mana. Ko ngā rama HPS he pūtake mārama omnidirectional, ko te tikanga ka whakaputa mārama ki ngā ahunga katoa. Hei whakahaere i tēnei rama ki te huarahi, me whakawhirinaki ngā rama ki ngā whakaata nui. He haurangi noa iho tēnei pūnaha. Ka ngaro te mārama i roto i te maunga, ā, he tino teitei rawa te mārama o te tauira kurupae i raro tonu i te rama—i ētahi wā he nui ake i te 40 lux i runga i ngā huarahi tuarua, arā, he moumou te whakamāramatanga nui. I tua atu, i te waenganui i waenganui i ngā pou pātata e rua, ka taea e te mārama te heke ki te iti iho i te 40% o taua uara tihi, e waihanga ana i ngā rohe pōuri e whakararuraru ana i te haumarutanga. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ōritetanga rawakore ka moumou te pūngao i ngā wāhi kanapa rawa, ā, kāore e tika te whakamārama i ētahi atu. Tērā, ko te tōtika katoa o te rama HPS e tino whakakāhoretia ana e te hoahoa o te maunga. Ko te tōtika o te kaituku o tētahi rama HPS pūnoa e tata ana ki te 50-60% anake, ko te tikanga e tata ana ki te 30-40% o te rama i hangaia ka mau i roto i te rama, ka ngongo rānei e te whakaata. He moumou tino nui tēnei, ā, e kore e taea te ārai i te hangarau. Kātahi anō, ahakoa he roanga ariā ngā rama HPS tae atu ki te 24,000 haora, he poto ake te roanga o te ora. He tairongo rātou ki ngā tārere ngaohiko mātiti me te taiao mahi pākaha o tētahi pou tiriti, arā ko ngā wiriwiri, ngā pāmahana tino pāmahana, me te huarere. Ko te hua, ka nui ake te auau rahunga ā-tau mō ngā tāutanga HPS i te 60%, e ahu ana ki ngā waea tautiakitanga auau, utu nui hoki e kai ana i ngā penapena pūngao.

He aha ngā rama tiriti LED me te pēhea e whakatika ai i ēnei raruraru?

Ka whakamahia e ngā rama tiriti LED ngā diode whakaputa mārama hei pūtake whakamārama mō rātou. Kāore i te rite ki te HPS, ko ngā LED he pūrere takawaenga mārō e whakaputa ana i te mārama mā te electroluminescence. Ko tēnei rerekētanga taketake o te ahupūngao e whakamāoritia ana ki te tini o ngā painga ā-ringa. Ko te mea tino nui o ēnei ko te roanga o te ora. Ka whakatauria tētahi rama tiriti LED kounga tiketike mō te oranga tōtika o te 50,000 ki te 100,000 hāora, neke atu rānei—he tino roa ake i te oranga ariā o tētahi rama HPS. Ko tēnei roanga e whakatau hāngai ana i ngā utu tiaki tiketike me ngā mokatere rahunga e pā ana ki te HPS, e āhei ai ngā tāone ki te tāuta me te wareware i ā rātou hanganga rama mō ngā tau. Heoi anō, he tino rerekē te kounga o te mārama i hangaia e ngā LED. Mā te taupū tāhuahua tae (CRI) e ngāwari ana te tae ki te 70, 80 rānei, ā, i te nuinga o te wā he teitei ake, he tūāwhiorangi whānui te rama LED, ā, ka tāwhai tata i te awatea māori. I raro i te whakamāramatanga LED, he kanapa, he pono hoki ngā tae ki te ora. Ehara tēnei i te whakapainga rerehua noa iho; He pānga haumaru hōhonu tōna. Ko te kaha o te whatu tangata ki te kite i te taumira, ki te tautohu i ngā ahanoa, me te urupare ki ngā mōrearea e herea ana ki te kounga o te mārama. Mā te CRI tiketike o ngā LED e āhei ai ngā atekōkiri me ngā kaiwaewae kia mārama ake te kite me te urupare tere ake, te whakarei ake i te haumarutanga huarahi katoa e kore e taea e te rama monochromatic o HPS te ōrite.

Me pēhea e whakarato ai ngā rama tiriti LED i te kounga me te mana mārama pai ake?

Ko ngā painga o ngā LED e toro atu ana i tua atu i te roanga o te ora me te tāhuahua tae ki te uho o te whakahaeretanga me te whakahaere i te mārama. Ko te āhuatanga tino panoni ko tō rātou āhua aronga. Kāore i rite ki ngā rama HPS e whakaputa ana i te mārama ki ia ahunga, he aronga tūturu ngā LED, i te nuinga o te wā e whakaputa ana i te mārama i roto i te tauira 180 waeine. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ka hāngai māori te rama ki te wāhi e hiahiatia ana—ki raro i te tiriti. Mā tēnei āhuatanga aronga, me ngā whakaata tuarua (arotahi), e āhei ai te mana tōtika ki te tuari mārama. Ka taea e ngā kaihoahoa rama te waihanga i ngā tauira kurupae motuhake e ōrite ana ki te āhuahanga o tētahi huarahi, me te whakarite kia tika te whakanoho i te mārama ki runga i te papa kohatu, ā, kāore e moumou ki ngā mata whare, ki ngā tuarā, ki te rangi pō rānei. Mā tēnei e whakakore te raruraru o te whakamāramatanga nui i raro i te pou me te whakamāramatanga i raro i ngā pou, e waihanga ana i tētahi taiao tīramarama ōrite ake, haumaru ake hoki. Ka taea te whakarite i te ānau tuari mārama o tētahi rama tiriti LED kia eke ai ki ngā taumata mārama ōrite puta noa i te huarahi katoa, e whakamōrahi ana i te kitenga me te tōtika. Heoi anō, nā te mea he tino tika te whakahaere o te mārama, he tino pai ake te tōtika o te rama. Ehara i te ngaro i te 30-40% o te mārama i roto i te maunga, ka tutuki i ngā rama tiriti LED te kaha o te 90% neke atu rānei, ko te tikanga ko te nuinga o ngā rama i hangaia e ngā LED ka whakamutua te whakamārama i te ūnga tika.

He aha ngā rama tiriti LED he pai ake te pūngao me te rata taiao?

Ko te tōtika pūngao o ngā rama tiriti LED tētahi o ngā take tino māia mō tō rātou whakatamarikitanga whānui. I takea mai tēnei tōtika i te pahekotanga o ngā take: te mahinga pūtake tiketike (lumens mō ia watt mai i te maramara LED), te tōtika o te rama tiketike (iti rawa te ngaronga ōmata), me ngā mana mōhio. Tērā pea ka puta mai i tētahi pūnaha HPS te 100 lumens mō ia watt mai i te rama, engari i muri i te kaute mō ngā ngaronga whakaata, ka tino heke te mahinga o te pūnaha. Ko tētahi pūnaha LED, e tīmata ana ki tētahi maramara tērā pea ka puta mai i te 150 lumens mō ia watt, ā, he iti rawa te ngaro i roto i ngā whakaata, ka nui ake te mārama ka taea te whakamahi ki te tiriti mō ia watt hiko e pau ana. Ka whakamāoritia tēnei ki ngā penapena pūngao hāngai o te 50% ki te 70% i whakaritea ki te HPS, he whakaiti e tino pā ana ki te pūtea whakahaere o te taone me te kohu waro. Mā te whakapau hiko iti iho, ka whakahekea noatia hoki e mātou te kohu o ngā korohū kino pēnei i te CO2 me te SO2 mai i ngā hiko hiko, e āwhina hāngai ana ki ngā ūnga whakaiti ā-motu, ā-ao hoki. Heoi anō, ko ngā painga taiao e tua atu ana i ngā penapena pūngao. Kei roto i ngā rama HPS te konupū, he neurotoxin kaha, e hiritia ana i roto i te ngongo pewa. Kia tae ēnei rama ki te mutunga o to rātau oranga, me raweke hei ururua mōrearea. Ki te pakaru i te parae, ki te maka hē rānei, ka taea e rātou te tuku taonga ki te taiao, e whakapoke ana i te oneone me te wai. Ko ngā rama tiriti LED, he rerekē, ka whakamahi i te hangarau mārō, ā, kāore he taonga mōrearea, ētahi atu rawa mōrearea rānei. He tino tukurua rātou, ā, e tohu ana i tētahi pūtake mārama tino rata ki te taiao. Kei te nui haere te hira o tēnei āhuatanga o te tīramarama "kākāriki" i te wā e whakamahi ana ngā tāone i ngā kaupapa here pūmautanga pākaha.

Me pēhea e hoatu ai e ngā pūnaha mana atamai he tapa ki ngā rama tiriti LED?

Ko tētahi painga whakamutunga, pūmau o ngā rama tiriti LED ko tō rātou hototahitanga kore ki ngā pūnaha mana mōhio o nāianei. He nui te whakahoki o ngā rama HPS i tēnei rohe: e hiahiatia ana he wā whakamahana mō ngā meneti maha kia tae ki te tīahoaho katoa mai i te tīmatanga mātao, tae atu ki te wā tā anō hei whakamātao i mua i te whakakā anō. Mā tēnei e kore ai e taea te whakahaere hihiri, wā tūturu. Heoi anō, ka eke ngā rama tiriti LED ki te tīahoaho katoa i te wā e whakakāngia ana, ā, kāore he wā mahana. Ko tēnei āheinga "inamata" te kī e wetemaukati ana i te kaha katoa o te tīramarama o te taone atamai. He ngāwari noa iho te whakauru ki ngā pūtau whakaahua, ngā pūoko nekeneke, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere matua (CMS) e whakawhiti kōrero ana mā ngā whatunga ahokore. Mā tēnei e āhei ai te awhe o ngā rautaki penapena pūngao mātauranga. Hei tauira, ka taea te hina i ngā rama ki te 30%, ki te 40% rānei i roto i ngā haora pō i te wā he iti noa iho ngā waka, kātahi ka tīaho inamata ki te 100% ina kitea e te pūoko he kaiwaewae, he kaieke paihikara, he waka rānei. Ka taea e tēnei tīramarama urutau te tiaki i tētahi atu 30-40% pūngao i tua atu i ngā penapena mai i te whakamohoa LED. Tērā anō, ka whakarato te CMS i te aroturuki wā tūturu o ia maunga rama, e pūrongo wawe ana i ngā rahunga me te whakaae ki te tautiakitanga tōtika, kua ūngaia, e whakakore ana i te hiahia mō ngā tautiaki pō utu nui, kāore hoki i te pai ki te kimi i ngā rama kua tahuna.

Ngā Rama Tiriti LED vs. Konutai Pēhanga Tiketike

Ko te ripanga e whai ake nei e whakarāpopoto ana i ngā rerekētanga matua i waenga i ngā rama tiriti LED me ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike tūturu, e miramira ana i te mahinga tiketike o te hangarau LED puta noa i ia inenga.

I te mutunga, ko te whakataurite i waenga i ngā rama tiriti LED me ngā rama konutai pēhanga tiketike, he tino taha kotahi. Ahakoa i mahi te HPS i tōna whāinga mō ngā tekau tau maha, ko ōna whāititanga hangarau tūturu—te tāhuahua tae kore, te tuari mārama kore, ngā mōrearea taiao, me te hotokore ki ngā mana o nāianei—ka noho hei hangarau o mua. Ko ngā rama tiriti LED e whakatau ana i ia o ēnei hē, e tuku ana i tētahi rongoā pai ake, roa ake, haumaru ake, me te haepapa taiao ake. Mō tētahi taone, rohe rānei e hiahia ana ki te whakaiti i ngā utu, ki te whakaheke i tōna tapuwae waro, me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te ora mō ōna iwi, he mārama te kōwhiringa: ko te wā heke mai o te rama huarahi he LED.

Ngā pātai auau mō ngā rama tiriti LED me HPS

Ka taea e au te whakakapi hāngai i tētahi pūrama HPS ki tētahi LED i roto i taku rama tiriti tīariari?

I te nuinga o te wā, kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakakapi noa i te rama HPS ki tētahi LED "kānga kānga", ki tētahi pūrama tīwiri rānei. He tino rerekē ngā whatu, te totohu wera, me ngā atekōkiri hiko. Mō tētahi whakahou tika, haumaru hoki, me whakakapi e koe te rama katoa ki tētahi rama tiriti LED i hangaia, me whakamahi rānei i tētahi kete whakahou LED i hangaia mō tō maunga motuhake, e whakakapi ana i te huihuinga ōmata me te atekōkiri.

He pai ake te rama karaka mai i ngā rama HPS mō te kohu i te rama LED mā?

I te hītori, i whakaarotia he pai ake te rama kōwhai/karaka o HPS mō te uru kohu. Heoi anō, he rite tonu te whakamahi a ngā rama tiriti LED o nāianei i te pāmahana tae hāngai (CCT) o te 3000K, 4000K rānei, he tūāwhiorangi whārite tōna. Ahakoa he iti iho te marara o te rama kōwhai roangaru roa, he pai ake te kitenga whānui o te kaha me te mana kurupae o ngā LED i roto i te kohu. Tērā anō, he maha ngā taputapu LED hōu ka taea te whakapūtā ki tētahi CCT 2700K-3000K "mahana" hei whakamōrahi i te mahinga huarere.

E hia ngā moni ka taea e tētahi taone te penapena mā te whakawhiti ki ngā rama tiriti LED?

He nui nga penapena. I te nuinga o te wā ka kite ngā tāone i te 50-70% te whakahekenga o ngā utu pūngao mō te tīramarama tiriti i muri tonu i te tahuringa LED. Ina honoa ki te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki (nā te roa ake o te oranga o ngā LED) me te kaha o ngā mana rehu urutau, ka utua e te katoa o ngā penapena utu whakahaere mō te kaupapa katoa i roto i te 5 ki te 7 tau, i muri iho ka penapena tonu te taone i ngā miriona ia tau.