Te Wero Huna i roto i ngā Pūnaha Hiko Hōu

I roto i tētahi ao tino pai, ko te hiko e rere ana i roto i ā mātou mātiti hiko he ngaru aho tino tika, mā hoki—he kōpiupiu māeneene o te ngaohiko me te onāianei. Heoi anō, ko te pono o ngā pūnaha hiko o nāianei, kī tonu i ngā pūrere hiko, he tawhiti rawa atu i tēnei tino pai. Ia wā ka mono mai koe i tētahi pūrere whai puna hiko aratau whakakā—mai i tō pūwhakahiko rorohiko pona ki tētahi pūrama LED—ka whakahawea māheahea, engari ka inea tēnei āhua ngaru tino tika. Ka inetia tēnei whakahaweatanga e tētahi tawhā takenui e mōhiotia ana ko te Total Harmonic Distortion, THD rānei. Ahakoa he ariā tino hangarau kua rāhuitia mō ngā kaipūkaha hiko, he mea nui te mārama ki ngā taketake o THD mō te tangata e pā ana ki te whakapūtā, te tāuta, te whakahaere rānei i ngā pūnaha rama tauine nui. Ka taea e ngā taumata tiketike o te whakahaweatanga hākoritanga te whakarerekē i ngā panoni wera, ngā kaiwhati ara iahiko, ngā taputapu hē, me te kaha o te pūngao nui. Mō ngā umanga me ngā rohe e haumi ana i te rama LED mō tōna kaha penapena pūngao, mā te waiho i te THD e tukituki i ngā penapena e tūmanako ana rātou ki te whakatutuki. Mā tēnei aratohu e whakawātea te THD, e whakamārama ana he aha ia, he pēhea te ine, he aha i hangaia ai e ngā atekōkiri LED, he aha hoki e kore ai e taea te whakarite kia iti mō tētahi tāutanga hiko haumaru, māia hoki.

He aha te Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)? He Whakamāramatanga Ngāwari

Ko te Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) he inenga e ine ana i te nui o te whakahaweatanga i roto i tētahi tohu, i roto i te horopaki o ngā pūnaha hiko, te whakahaweatanga o te āhua ngaru o nāianei, ngaohiko rānei mai i tōna āhua ngaru aho tino pai, parakore. Kia mārama ai ki tēnei, me mātua mārama tātau ki te ariā o te hākori. Ko te auautanga taketake o tētahi pūnaha hiko ko tōna auau mahi taketake—50 Hz i ngā wāhi maha o te ao (tae atu ki Uropi, Āhia, me Ahitereiria) 60 Hz rānei i Amerika ki te Raki. Ko ngā hākoritanga he ngaohiko, he au rānei i ngā auautanga he tau tōpū o tēnei auautanga taketake. Mō tētahi pūnaha 50 Hz, ko te hākoritanga tuatoru ko te 150 Hz, ko te 5 ko te 250 Hz, ko te 7 ko te 350 Hz, me ērā atu mea. Ko te THD te tapeke o te hiko (te nui rānei) o ēnei wae hākoritanga katoa, i whakaritea ki te kaha o te auau taketake. Ko te tikanga he mehua o te nui o te "turituri", te pūngao auau tē hiahiatia rānei kua tāpirihia ki te tohu taketake mā. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakapuakina hei ōwehenga i waenganui i te 0 me te 1, hei ōrau rānei mai i te 0% ki te 100%. Ko te THD o te 0% (0 rānei) e tohu ana i tētahi ngaru aho tino tika, kāore i te whakahawea. Ko te tikanga o te THD o te 100% (1 rānei) he ōrite te hiko katoa i roto i ngā harmonics ki te hiko i roto i te taketake, e tohu ana i tētahi puka ngaru tino whakahawea. I roto i ngā tikanga ā-ringa, ko te iti iho o te uara THD, ko te mā, ko te pai ake o te hiko.

He pēhea te tātai me te whakamārama i te THD?

Ko te tatauranga o te THD ko te tātari tohu mātanga, engari he ngāwari noa iho te kaupapa. Ka inea e te kaitātari kounga hiko te tohu hiko me te mahi pāngarau e kiia nei ko te Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Ka wetekina e tēnei te puka ngaru matatini, whakahawea ki ōna wae auau takitahi. Ka tautuhia te nui o te auau taketake (hei tauira, 50 Hz) me ngā nui o ngā auau hākoritanga katoa (hei tauira, 100 Hz, 150 Hz, 200 Hz, aha atu). Kātahi ka tātaitia te THD mā te tango i te pūtake tapawhā o te tapeke o ngā tapawhā o ngā rahinga hākoritanga katoa, ka wehea e te nui o te taketake. Kātahi ka whakareatia te hua ki te 100 kia whiwhi ōrau. Ko te whakamārama i tēnei uara he kī ki te aromatawai i te kounga hiko. Ko te tikanga o te uara THD e tata ana ki te 0% ko te huaputa o nāianei, te ngaohiko rānei he ngaru aho tino mā, me ngā wae auau e tata ana ki te tāuru. He tino pai tēnei. Ko te tikanga o te uara e tata ana ki te 100% he nui tonu te whakahaweatanga hākori; Kua tāhaetia te tohu ki ngā taumata tiketike o ētahi atu auautanga. Hei tauira, ko te THD o te 15% ko te tikanga o te pūngao katoa kei roto i ngā auau hākoritanga katoa ko te 15% o te pūngao kei roto i te taketake. I te nuinga o te wā ka tautuhia tēnei taumata whakahaweatanga hei tepenga mōrahi e whakaaetia ana mō ia taputapu, nā te mea ka tīmata ngā taumata teitei ake ki te raruraru i roto i te whatunga hiko whānui ake.

He aha ngā atekōkiri LED e whakaputa ai i te whakahaweatanga hākori?

Ko te pūtake matua o te whakahaweatanga hākoritanga i roto i ngā pūnaha tīramarama o nāianei ko te atekōkiri LED. Ko te atekōkiri LED he puna hiko hiko e tahuri ana i te hiko matua AC taumai (alternating current) ki te hiko DC (current direct) e hiahiatia ana e ngā kōwae LED. Ko te nuinga o ēnei atekōkiri he kawenga paerangi-kore. Kāore te atekōkiri LED e tā tonu i tēnei wā puta noa i te huringa AC. I roto, ko te wāhanga tuatahi o tētahi atekōkiri LED pūnoa he whakatikatika, tata tonu ki te piriti diode. Ka tahuri tēnei ara iahiko i te puka ngaru AC hei DC mokowhiti. Ka whakahaere anake ngā diode i tēnei piriti i te wā e nui ake ana te ngaohiko i tētahi paepae, e tata ana ki ngā tihi o te ngaru aho AC. Mā tēnei e tātuhi ai te atekōkiri i tēnei wā i roto i ngā mokowhiti poto, nui rawa, kaua ko te ngaru māeneene, motukore. He taonga tēnei au mokowhiti i ngā auau hākori. Ko te hohenga whakawhiti o ngā diode, me te whakawhiti auau tiketike o te ara tahuringa hiko ā-roto o te atekōkiri, ka tapahia te āhua ngaru o nāianei, ka werohia ēnei au hākoritanga ki roto i te puna hiko matua. Ko te nui ake o te kawenga-kore-paerangi, ā, ko te kino ake o te hoahoa o tōna putanga hiko, ko te nui ake o te whakahawea o te āhua ngaru o nāianei, ā, ko te teitei ake o tōna THD.

He aha te mea ka tupu i roto i tētahi atekōkiri LED hei waihanga hākori?

Hei kite i tēnei, whakaarohia te ngaohiko matua AC hei maunga mārire. Mā te kawenga rārangi pēnei i te whakamahana e kukume ngāwari te au ki runga, ki raro hoki i taua maunga. Heoi anō, he rite te atekōkiri LED kāore i te paerangi, he rite ki te kaihīkoi e tino tere ana, he taumaha noa iho i te tihi o te maunga. Ka whakahaere anake te whakatikatika arawhiti diode ina teitei ake te ngaohiko AC i te ngaohiko e penapena ana ki ngā pūkaha tāuru a te atekōkiri. Ka puta tēnei mō tētahi roanga poto rawa huri noa i ngā taumata tōrunga me te tōraro o te ngaru aho. Ko te hua he puka ngaru o nāianei e whai ana i ngā mokowhiti whāiti, kōpikopiko, kaua he ānau māeneene, whānui hoki. Ko ēnei mokowhiti koi, motukore, i roto i te rohe auau, he nui rawa ngā hākori. Tērā pea he kaha te wae taketake 50 Hz, engari he pūngao nui hoki i te 150 Hz (hākoritanga tuatoru), 250 Hz (hākoritanga 5), 350 Hz (hākoritanga 7), me ērā atu mea. Ka rere whakamuri ēnei au hākoritanga mai i te atekōkiri ki roto i te waea o te whare, ki waho ki te panoni taputapu. Kaore rātau e āwhina ki te mahi i ngā mahi whaitake; engari, e tohu ana rātou i te pūngao moumou e huri noa ana i te pūnaha hiko, e waihanga ana i te wera me te whakararuraru.

He aha i tino hira ai te whakahaweatanga hākoritanga katoa i roto i ngā tāutanga tīrama?

Ko te hiranga o te THD i takea mai i ngā pānga tāpiripiri me te tūkino o ngā au hākoritanga ki tētahi tāutanga hiko katoa. Tērā pea he pānga iti noa iho te atekōkiri LED kotahi me te THD tiketike. Heoi anō, i roto i tētahi whare hou, he rau, he mano rānei o ēnei atekōkiri—i roto i ngā rama LED, ngā rorohiko, ngā kaupane, me ētahi atu pūrere maha. Ko ngā au hākoritanga mai i ēnei kawenga paerangi-kore katoa e tāpiri ana ki ngā pūtātaki kūpapa me ngā panoni tuari. Mā tēnei whakatōpū e ahu atu ki te hūkere o ngā hua tōraro. Ko te tino wawe ko te wera. Ko ngā au hākori, otirā ko te hākoritanga tuatoru me ōna taumaha (e kīia nei ko ngā hākoritanga "toru"), kāore e whakakore i roto i te waea kūpapa pēnei i ngā au taketake. Engari, ka tāpiritia kētia, nā reira ka kawea e te pūkawe kūpapa te nui o nāianei ahakoa he tino whārite ngā wāhanga. Ka puta pea tēnei ki ngā kūpapa wera, he mōrearea ahi nui. Kua hoahoatia hoki ngā panoni hei whakahaere i te hiko i te auautanga taketake; Ka nui ake ngā ngaronga o nāianei me ngā ngaronga hysteresis i roto i ō rātou uho autō, e ahu ana ki te wera, te whakaiti i te tōtika, me te poto o te roanga o te ora. Ka taea hoki te pāngia ngā kaiwhati ara iahiko me ngā waha, nā te mea kāore pea e tika te haere ina mau i ngā au kāore i te sinusoidal, e whakararuraru ana i te haumarutanga.

He pēhea te pānga o te THD tiketike ki te tōtika o te pūnaha hiko me ētahi atu pūrere?

I tua atu i ngā mōrearea ōkiko o te wera, ka tino whakahekea e te THD tiketike te tōtika katoa o tētahi pūnaha hiko. Ko ngā au hākoritanga e tohu ana i te pūngao moumou—kāore he mahi whaitake, engari kei te hangaia, kei te tuku, kei te ngaro tonu hei wera i roto i ngā panoni, ngā taura, me ētahi atu taputapu. Mā tēnei e whakanui ake te katoa o nāianei i tāia mai i te taputapu, e ahu ana ki ngā pire hiko teitei ake, otirā mō ngā kiritaki arumoni, mahi hoki ka utua pea he whiu mō te āhuatanga hiko iti, e hono tata ana ki te whakahaweatanga hākori. Ka whakararuraru hoki te whakahaweatanga i te mahi tika o ētahi atu pūrere hiko tairongo e tūhono ana ki te whatunga hiko ōrite. Mā te whakahaweatanga ngaohiko, nā ngā au hākoritanga e rere ana i roto i te aukati pūnaha, ka neke, ka turituri rānei ngā pūwāhi whakawhiti kore o te ngaru aho ngaohiko. He maha ngā pūrere hiko e whakamahi ana i ēnei pūwāhi whakawhiti kore mō te wā me te mana. Mā te ngaohiko whakahawea ka hē pea te whanonga i roto i ngā rorohiko, ngā taputapu rongoā, me ngā pūnaha whakahaere ahumahi. Ko te tikanga, mā te THD tiketike ka "turituri" te taiao hiko katoa, ā, ka pā ki ngā mea katoa mai i ngā rama ki ngā taputapu e mono ana ki te pakitara pātata.

He aha te taumata THD pai mō ngā atekōkiri LED me ngā luminaires?

Nā ngā raruraru i puta mai i te THD tiketike, kua puta mai ngā paerewa umanga me ngā mahi tino pai hei tautuhi i ngā tepe e whakaaetia ana. Mō ngā taputapu tīramarama hōu, he mea noa iho ināianei mō ngā whakaritenga hiko i roto i ngā tāutanga arumoni, ahumahi hōu hoki kia iti iho i te 20% te mōrahi o te Whakahaweatanga Harmonic Katoa o tētahi luminaire LED takitahi, atekōkiri rānei, ā, i te nuinga o te wā he ūnga pākaha ake iti iho i te 15%, 10% rānei kua tautuhia. Ko te THD iti iho i te 15% e whakaarohia ana he pai, e tohu ana kei roto i te hoahoa o te atekōkiri te tātari hākori. He tino pai te THD i raro iho i te 10%. Ko te tikanga o tēnei kei te tātuhi te atekōkiri i tētahi au māmā ake, nui ake te sinusoidal, e whakaiti ana i tōna pānga ki te mātiti hiko. Ina whakarite i tētahi whakahou LED tauine nui, kaupapa hanganga hōu rānei, he mea nui kia whakapūtātia ngā rama me te THD iti. Ahakoa he iti ake pea te utu o mua i ngā whiringa tino māmā, THD tiketike, he nui rawa ngā painga mo te wā roa. Ka whakarite rātou i te pūnaha hiko katoa e mahi pai, haumaru, pono hoki, e ārai ana i te pōrearea utu nui, te wera o te panoni, me ngā take kounga hiko e pā ana ki te katoa o te pūkenga. Ko te haumi i roto i ngā atekōkiri LED iti-THD he haumi ki te hauora me te roanga o tō hanganga hiko katoa.

Ngā Aronga Matua o te Whakahaweatanga Hākoritanga Katoa (THD)

Ko te ripanga e whai ake nei e whakarāpopoto ana i ngā ariā uho e pā ana ki te THD i roto i te horopaki o te tīramarama LED.

I te mutunga, ko te Total Harmonic Distortion he āhuatanga nui, engari i te nuinga o te wā e whakarapa ana i te kounga o te rama. He mehua tēnei o te "turituri hiko" i werohia ki roto i tētahi pūnaha hiko e ngā pūrere paerangi-kore pēnei i ngā atekōkiri LED. Ahakoa e kore e taea te karo i te nui o te THD ki ngā hiko o nāianei, ka whakararuraru ngā taumata tiketike ki te tōtika, te haumaru, me te roanga o te taputapu. Mō te tangata e whakapūtā ana, e tāuta ana rānei i ngā rama LED, ko te whakarite i ngā rama me ngā atekōkiri iti iho i te THD—i te nuinga o te wā he iti iho i te 15%—he mea nui mō te whakarite i tētahi tāutanga hiko pono, māia, haumaru hoki e tuku ana i te kī taurangi katoa o te hangarau LED.

Ngā pātai auau mō te whakahaweatanga hākoritanga katoa

He aha te taumata THD haumaru, pai rānei mō tētahi rama LED?

Mō te nuinga o ngā whakaritenga rama arumoni, ahumahi hoki, ka whakaaetia te Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) iti iho i te 20%, ā, he iti iho i te 15% te THD e manakohia ana, ā, e tohu ana i tētahi atekōkiri tino kounga. Ko ētahi hua mārō ka eke ki te THD i raro iho i te 10%. Ko te iti iho o te THD, ko te iti ake o te hauora ki tō pūnaha hiko, ā, ko te pai ake o te kounga hiko katoa.

Ka taea e te THD tiketike te tūkino i ētahi atu taputapu i taku whare?

Āe, hāngai. Ko te THD tiketike, i te nuinga o ngā kawenga kāore i te paerangi, ka nui pea te whakahaweatanga ngaohiko. Ka taea e tēnei puka ngaru ngaohiko whakahawea te whakararu i te wā me te mahinga o ētahi atu taputapu hiko tairongo, pēnei i ngā rorohiko, ngā pūrere rongoā, me ngā pūmana arorau papatono (PLCs). Heoi anō, ko te tūkinotanga tuatahi nā te wera o ngā panoni, ngā waea kūpapa, me ngā mīhini.

Me pēhea e taea ai e au te whakaiti i te THD i taku tāutanga rama?

Ko te huarahi tino pai ki te whakaiti i te THD kei te pūtake: kōwhiria ngā atekōkiri LED me ngā luminaires i hoahoatia mō te whakahaweatanga hākori. Kimihia ngā hua me te whakapūtātanga THD iti iho i te 15%. I roto i ngā tāutanga tīariari, tērā pea ka taea te tāuta i ngā tātari hākori, engari he matatini, he utu nui hoki tēnei i whakaritea ki te tīpako noa i ngā hua THD iti mai i te tīmatanga.